JEE Main

Some Basic Concepts in Chemistry

Matter and its nature; Dalton's atomic theory; concept of atom, molecule, element and compound; laws of chemical combination; atomic and molecular masses; mole concept; molar mass; percentage composition; empirical and molecular formulae; chemical equations and stoichiometry.

Atomic Structure

Bohr's model of hydrogen atom — its postulates, derivation of relations for energy of an electron and radii of orbits; dual nature of matter; de Broglie's relationship; Heisenberg uncertainty principle; quantum mechanical model of atom; orbitals; quantum numbers; Aufbau principle, Pauli's exclusion principle, Hund's rule; electronic configuration of elements.

Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Kossel-Lewis approach to chemical bond formation; ionic bond — lattice enthalpy; covalent bond — Lewis structures; polar covalent bond; valence bond theory; hybridisation involving s, p and d orbitals; resonance; molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules; hydrogen bonding; VSEPR theory.

Chemical Thermodynamics

Fundamentals of thermodynamics — system and surroundings, types of system; first law of thermodynamics; concept of work, heat, internal energy and enthalpy; Hess's law; standard enthalpies of formation, combustion, neutralisation; bond dissociation enthalpy; second law of thermodynamics; entropy; Gibbs energy; spontaneity; relation between ΔG and equilibrium constant.

Solutions

Different methods for expressing concentration of solution; vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult's law; ideal and non-ideal solutions; colligative properties — relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure; van't Hoff factor.

Equilibrium

Equilibria involving physical processes; equilibrium in chemical processes; law of chemical equilibrium; equilibrium constants Kp and Kc; Le Chatelier's principle; ionic equilibrium — Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis acids/bases; ionisation of weak acids and bases; pH; common ion effect; buffer solutions; solubility product; hydrolysis of salts.

Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry

Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction; redox reactions; oxidation number; balancing redox reactions; electrolytic and metallic conduction; conductance — specific, equivalent and molar; Kohlrausch's law; electrochemical cells; EMF; standard electrode potential; Nernst equation; relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF; electrochemical series; fuel cells; corrosion; batteries; Faraday's laws of electrolysis.

Chemical Kinetics

Rate of a chemical reaction; factors affecting rate of reaction; order and molecularity of a reaction; rate law and rate constant; differential and integral forms of zero and first order reactions; Arrhenius equation; activation energy; collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions.

Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

Modern periodic law and present form of the periodic table; s, p, d, f block elements; periodic trends in properties — atomic and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states, electronegativity, chemical reactivity.

p-Block Elements (Groups 13-18)

Group 13 to 18 elements: general introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties; preparation, properties and uses of compounds — boron family (borax, boric acid, diborane), carbon family (allotropes, oxides of carbon, silicates), nitrogen family (NH3, HNO3, oxides of nitrogen), oxygen family (O3, H2SO4), halogens (HCl, oxoacids, interhalogens), noble gases (xenon compounds).

d- and f-Block Elements

General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition elements; trends in metallic character, atomic and ionic sizes, ionisation enthalpy, oxidation states; coloured ions, magnetic properties, catalytic property, alloy formation; preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4; lanthanoids and actinoids — electronic configurations, oxidation states, lanthanoid contraction.

Coordination Compounds

Introduction; ligands; coordination number; nomenclature; isomerism (structural and stereo); bonding — Werner's theory, valence bond theory, crystal field theory; magnetic properties; importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, biological systems, medicinal chemistry, catalysis).

Purification and Characterisation of Organic Compounds

Purification methods — crystallisation, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction and chromatography (principles only); qualitative analysis — detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and halogens; quantitative analysis (basic principles only); calculation of empirical formulae and molecular formulae.

Some Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry

Tetravalency of carbon; shapes of simple molecules — hybridisation (s and p); classification of organic compounds based on functional groups; nomenclature (trivial and IUPAC); covalent bond fission — homolytic and heterolytic; electronic effects (inductive, electromeric, resonance, hyperconjugation); types of organic reactions.

Hydrocarbons

Classification — alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic; conformations of ethane and butane; cis-trans isomerism; methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; mechanism of free-radical halogenation, addition reactions, electrophilic substitution in benzene; directive influence of functional groups in monosubstituted benzene.

Organic Compounds Containing Halogens

Haloalkanes and haloarenes — nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; SN1 and SN2 reactions; uses and environmental effects of dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT.

Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen

Alcohols, phenols and ethers — nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration; acidic nature of phenols; aldehydes and ketones — nomenclature, preparation, properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition; aldol and Cannizzaro reactions; carboxylic acids and derivatives.

Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

Amines — nomenclature, classification, preparation, physical and chemical properties; basicity of amines; identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines; diazonium salts — preparation, important reactions and synthetic usefulness in aromatic compounds.

Biomolecules

General introduction and importance of biomolecules; carbohydrates — classification (mono-, di-, polysaccharides), glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch, cellulose; proteins — amino acids, peptide bond, primary and secondary structure; vitamins — classification and function; nucleic acids — DNA and RNA.

Principles Related to Practical Chemistry

Detection of extra elements (N, S, halogens) in organic compounds; detection of functional groups — hydroxyl (alcoholic, phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketone), carboxyl, amino; chemistry involved in titrimetric exercises — acid-base titrations using oxalic acid, potassium permanganate, ferrous sulphate; chemistry of qualitative analysis of cations and anions.

Sets, Relations and Functions

Sets and their representation; union, intersection and complement of sets and their algebraic properties; power set; relation, types of relations, equivalence relations; functions — one-to-one, into and onto; composition of functions.

Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations

Complex numbers as ordered pairs; representation in argand plane; algebra of complex numbers; modulus and argument; triangle inequality; quadratic equations in real and complex number system; relations between roots and coefficients; nature of roots; formation of quadratic equations with given roots.

Matrices and Determinants

Matrices, algebra of matrices, types of matrices; determinants and matrices of order two and three; properties of determinants; evaluation of determinants; area of triangle using determinants; adjoint and inverse of a matrix; test of consistency and solution of simultaneous linear equations using determinants and matrices.

Permutations and Combinations

Fundamental principle of counting; permutation as an arrangement and combination as selection; meaning of P(n,r) and C(n,r); simple applications.

Binomial Theorem and its Simple Applications

Binomial theorem for a positive integral index; general term and middle term; properties of binomial coefficients and simple applications.

Sequences and Series

Arithmetic and geometric progressions; insertion of arithmetic and geometric means between two given numbers; relation between AM and GM; sum up to n terms of special series — Sn, Sn^2, Sn^3; arithmetico-geometric progression.

Limit, Continuity and Differentiability

Real-valued functions, algebra of functions, polynomial, rational, trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential functions; inverse functions; graphs of simple functions; limits, continuity and differentiability; differentiation of sum, difference, product and quotient of functions; derivatives of trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential, composite and implicit functions; Rolle's and Lagrange's mean value theorems; applications — tangents and normals, increasing and decreasing functions, maxima and minima.

Integral Calculus

Integral as an anti-derivative; fundamental integrals involving algebraic, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions; integration by substitution, by parts and by partial fractions; integration using trigonometric identities; evaluation of simple integrals; fundamental theorem of calculus; properties of definite integrals; evaluation of definite integrals; determining areas of regions bounded by simple curves.

Differential Equations

Ordinary differential equations, their order and degree; formation of differential equations; solution of differential equations by the method of separation of variables; solution of homogeneous and linear differential equations of the first order.

Coordinate Geometry

Cartesian system of rectangular coordinates in a plane; distance formula; section formula; locus and its equation; slope of a line; parallel and perpendicular lines; intercepts of a line on coordinate axes; various forms of equations of a line; distance of a point from a line; circle; conic sections — parabola, ellipse, hyperbola in standard form.

Three-Dimensional Geometry

Coordinates of a point in space; distance between two points; section formula; direction ratios and direction cosines; angle between two intersecting lines; skew lines; shortest distance between them and its equation; equations of a line and a plane in different forms; intersection of a line and a plane; coplanar lines.

Vector Algebra

Vectors and scalars; addition of vectors; components in two and three dimensions; scalar and vector products; scalar and vector triple products.

Statistics and Probability

Measures of dispersion — mean, median, mode of grouped and ungrouped data; standard deviation, variance and mean deviation for grouped and ungrouped data; probability — probability of an event, addition and multiplication theorems of probability, Baye's theorem, probability distribution of a random variate, Bernoulli trials and binomial distribution.

Trigonometry

Trigonometrical identities and equations; trigonometrical functions; inverse trigonometrical functions and their properties; heights and distances.