MPESB Group flashcards
691 cards from 66 fact-checked topic notes · English
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Indian History — General Knowledge · 12 cards
- Indus Valley Civilisation (c. 2600–1900 BCE)
- was an urban Bronze Age culture with planned cities (Harappa, Mohenjo-daro), advanced drainage, and no iron or horses; declined possibly due to climate change or river shifts.
- Vedic Period
- divided into Early Vedic (Rigvedic, pastoral, Sapta Sindhu region) and Later Vedic (agriculture-based, Gangetic plains, caste rigidity, four Vedas completed).
- Mahajanapadas (6th century BCE)
- were sixteen major kingdoms; Magadha emerged dominant under Bimbisara and Ajatashatru, later becoming the base for Mauryan expansion.
- Mauryan Empire (322–185 BCE)
- was India's first pan-subcontinental empire; Chandragupta founded it, Ashoka spread Buddhism after Kalinga War (261 BCE), and the empire used an efficient bureaucracy described in Arthashastra.
- Gupta Period (320–550 CE)
- is called the Golden Age—advances in science (Aryabhata), literature (Kalidasa), and temple architecture; decentralised feudal polity emerged later.
- Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526)
- comprised five dynasties (Slave, Khilji, Tughlaq, Sayyid, Lodi); introduced iqta system, market reforms under Alauddin Khilji, and Persian-Islamic culture.
- Mughal Empire (1526–1857)
- was founded by Babur at Panipat; Akbar's policy of Sulh-i-Kul and mansabdari system stabilised it; decline began post-Aurangzeb due to Maratha resistance and regional breakaways.
- Freedom Struggle (1857–1947)
- moved from armed revolt (1857 Revolt) to moderate petitioning (early Congress) to mass movements under Gandhi—Non-Cooperation, Civil Disobedience, Quit India—culminating in Independence and Partition.
- Indus script
- Undeciphered; written right to left
- Ashoka's Kalinga War
- 261 BCE; 1 lakh killed; triggered his conversion to Buddhism
- Chandragupta Maurya's guide
- Chanakya (Kautilya), author of Arthashastra
- Gupta era starts
- 320 CE under Chandragupta I
Indian Geography — General Knowledge · 12 cards
- Physiographic Divisions
- India has six major divisions—Northern Mountains (Himalayas), Northern Plains (Indo-Gangetic), Peninsular Plateau (Deccan), Coastal Plains (Eastern and Western), Thar Desert, and Islands (Andaman-Nicobar, Lakshadweep).
- Himalayan Ranges
- Three parallel ranges—Greater Himalayas (Himadri), Lesser Himalayas (Himachal), and Outer Himalayas (Shiwaliks). K2 (8611 m) is India's highest peak; Kanchenjunga (8586 m) is highest within undisputed territory.
- River Systems
- Two types—Himalayan rivers (perennial, snow-fed: Ganga, Brahmaputra, Indus) and Peninsular rivers (rain-fed, seasonal: Godavari, Krishna, Mahanadi, Narmada, Tapti).
- Monsoon Mechanism
- India's climate is dominated by southwest monsoon (June–September, 75% rainfall) and northeast monsoon (October–December, affects Tamil Nadu). Monsoon enters through Kerala coast around June 1.
- Soil Types
- Six major soils—Alluvial (most fertile, northern plains), Black/Regur (cotton, Deccan), Red (Odisha, Chhattisgarh), Laterite (Kerala, Karnataka), Desert (Rajasthan), Mountain (Himalayan region).
- Cropping Seasons
- Kharif (June–October: rice, cotton, sugarcane), Rabi (October–March: wheat, gram, mustard), Zaid (March–June: watermelon, cucumber).
- Mineral Belts
- Three major belts—North-Eastern Plateau (Jharkhand-Odisha: coal, iron, mica), South-Western Plateau (Karnataka-Goa: iron, manganese), North-Western Region (Rajasthan-Gujarat: petroleum, natural gas).
- Area & Position
- Total area: 32.87 lakh sq km (7th largest); Latitudinal extent: 8°4'N to 37°6'N; Longitudinal extent: 68°7'E to 97°25'E
- Boundaries
- Total boundary: 15,200 km (land); Coastline: 7,516.6 km; Neighbours: Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar
- Highest Points
- K2 (8611 m), Kanchenjunga (8586 m), Nanda Devi (7816 m—highest entirely in India)
- Longest Rivers
- Ganga (2525 km in India), Godavari (1465 km—longest Peninsular), Brahmaputra, Krishna, Yamuna
- Largest State
- By area: Rajasthan (342,239 sq km); By population: Uttar Pradesh
Indian Polity — General Knowledge · 12 cards
- Constitutional Framework
- India has a quasi-federal structure with a strong Centre. The Constitution draws from multiple sources—British (parliamentary system), US (fundamental rights, judicial review), Irish (directive principles), and Canadian (federal structure with residuary powers to Centre).
- Fundamental Rights (Part III, Articles 12-35)
- Six categories of justiciable rights that citizens can enforce through courts. Right to Property was removed by the 44th Amendment (1978) and made a legal right under Article 300A.
- Directive Principles (Part IV, Articles 36-51)
- Non-justiciable guidelines for the State to create a welfare society. Courts cannot enforce them, but they are fundamental in governance.
- Parliament Structure
- Bicameral legislature—Lok Sabha (House of the People, max 550 members, as Anglo-Indian nomination ended in 2020) and Rajya Sabha (Council of States, max 250 members). President is part of Parliament but not a member of either House.
- Judicial Independence
- Supreme Court at the apex, followed by High Courts and subordinate courts. Judges are appointed through collegium system. Article 124 (SC) and Article 214 (HC) establish these courts.
- Federalism with Unitary Bias
- Three lists in Seventh Schedule—Union List (98 subjects), State List (59 subjects), Concurrent List (52 subjects). During emergency, the system becomes virtually unitary.
- Amendment Process (Article 368)
- Three types—simple majority, special majority (2/3 of members present and voting + majority of total membership), and special majority plus ratification by half the state legislatures.
- Constitutional Bodies vs Statutory Bodies
- Constitutional bodies (Election Commission, CAG, UPSC) derive authority directly from the Constitution; statutory bodies (NHRC, CVC) are created by Acts of Parliament.
- Right to Equality
- Article: 14-18 · Key Detail: Includes abolition of untouchability (Art 17)
- Right to Freedom
- Article: 19-22 · Key Detail: Six freedoms under Art 19; protection against arrest under Art 22
- Right against Exploitation
- Article: 23-24 · Key Detail: Prohibits human trafficking, child labor below 14 years
- Right to Freedom of Religion
- Article: 25-28 · Key Detail: Subject to public order, morality, health
Indian Economy — General Knowledge · 12 cards
- Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
- is India's central bank, established in 1935 (nationalized 1949), headquartered in Mumbai. It regulates monetary policy, issues currency, and supervises the banking sector.
- Monetary Policy
- controls money supply and interest rates through tools like repo rate, reverse repo rate, CRR, and SLR to manage inflation and economic growth.
- Fiscal Policy
- involves government decisions on taxation and spending to influence the economy; managed by the Finance Ministry, not RBI.
- GST (Goods and Services Tax)
- is a unified indirect tax that replaced multiple central and state taxes, implemented from July 1, 2017, under the "One Nation, One Tax" principle.
- NITI Aayog
- replaced the Planning Commission in 2015 as a think tank promoting cooperative federalism; it advises but does not allocate funds to states.
- Finance Commission
- is a constitutional body (Article 280) that recommends revenue distribution between Centre and States every five years.
- Priority Sector Lending
- mandates banks to allocate 40% of lending to sectors like agriculture, MSMEs, education, and housing.
- Inflation targeting framework
- adopted in 2016 sets RBI's target at 4% (with ±2% tolerance band) using CPI as the benchmark.
- RBI Establishment
- April 1, 1935 (Nationalized: January 1, 1949)
- RBI Headquarters
- Mumbai; Governor: Sanjay Malhotra (as of 2024)
- GST Launch Date
- July 1, 2017
- GST Council
- Chairperson: Union Finance Minister; Article 279A
General Science — General Knowledge · 12 cards
- Newton's Three Laws
- Inertia (1st), F = ma (2nd), Action-Reaction (3rd) — explain all mechanical motion.
- Work, Energy, Power
- Work = Force × Distance; Energy is capacity to do work; Power = Work/Time (unit: Watt).
- Light behavior
- Reflection (mirrors), Refraction (lenses); convex lens converges light, concave lens diverges it.
- Sound
- Needs a medium to travel; speed in air ≈ 343 m/s; ultrasound (>20,000 Hz) used in medical imaging.
- Electricity
- Current = Charge/Time; Ohm's Law: V = IR; conductors allow current, insulators resist it.
- Atoms and Molecules
- Atom is the smallest unit; molecules are combinations of atoms (H₂O, CO₂).
- pH Scale
- 0-14 range; below 7 is acidic, 7 is neutral, above 7 is basic/alkaline.
- Metals vs Non-metals
- Metals are lustrous, malleable, good conductors; non-metals are brittle, poor conductors.
- Chemical Reactions
- Combination, decomposition, displacement, double displacement, oxidation-reduction.
- Carbon compounds
- Organic chemistry basis; hydrocarbons are carbon-hydrogen compounds (methane CH₄).
- Cell
- Basic unit of life; plant cells have cell wall, animal cells do not.
- Photosynthesis
- 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Sunlight → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ (occurs in chloroplasts).
Environment — General Knowledge · 12 cards
- Ecosystem
- = Biotic (living organisms) + Abiotic (soil, water, air, sunlight) components interacting in a defined area. Energy flows one-way; nutrients cycle.
- Food Chain vs Food Web
- Chain is linear (grass → deer → tiger); web is interconnected chains. Only 10% energy transfers between trophic levels (10% Rule).
- Ecological Pyramids
- Pyramid of Energy is always upright. Pyramid of Biomass can be inverted in aquatic ecosystems. Pyramid of Numbers varies by ecosystem.
- Biodiversity Hotspots
- India has 4 of world's 36 hotspots—Himalayas, Western Ghats, Indo-Burma, Sundaland. Hotspot = high endemism + habitat loss exceeding 70%.
- In-situ vs Ex-situ Conservation
- In-situ = protecting species in natural habitat (national parks, sanctuaries). Ex-situ = outside natural habitat (zoos, seed banks, botanical gardens).
- Greenhouse Effect
- Natural process keeping Earth warm. Greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, CFCs) trap infrared radiation. Problem is enhanced greenhouse effect from human activities.
- Pollution Categories
- Air (particulates, gases), Water (organic, inorganic, thermal), Soil (pesticides, heavy metals), Noise (measured in decibels).
- Sustainable Development
- Meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet theirs. Core principle of environmental policy since 1987 Brundtland Report.
- Biosphere Reserves in MP
- Pachmarhi (1999; UNESCO 2009), Achanakmar-Amarkantak (2005; UNESCO 2012; shared with Chhattisgarh), Panna (2011; UNESCO 2020)
- Tiger Reserves in MP
- 6 reserves: Kanha, Bandhavgarh, Pench, Satpura, Panna, Sanjay-Dubri
- India's Biodiversity
- 8% of global species; one of 17 megadiverse countries; 4 biodiversity hotspots
- Paris Agreement (2015)
- Limit warming to 1.5–2°C; India's target: 45% emission intensity reduction by 2030
Current Affairs — General Knowledge · 12 cards
- Government Schemes
- follow a naming pattern: "Pradhan Mantri" for central schemes, "Mukhyamantri" for state schemes. Know the ministry responsible and target beneficiaries.
- International Summits
- rotate hosting duties among member nations. Key forums: G20, BRICS, SCO, and ASEAN. Remember the host country, theme, and India-specific outcomes.
- Constitutional Amendments
- require understanding the article being modified. Recent amendments often relate to reservation, election processes, or state reorganization.
- Bilateral Agreements
- between India and other nations focus on defense, trade, and technology. Key partners: USA, France, Japan, Australia, UAE, and neighboring countries.
- Appointments
- include Chief Justice of India, Election Commissioners, CAG, Governors, and heads of international organizations. Note the tenure and predecessor.
- Economic Indicators
- like GDP growth rate, repo rate, inflation rate, and forex reserves appear in factual questions. Know the announcing body (RBI, MOSPI, IMF).
- India's Space and Defense Programs
- under ISRO and DRDO feature regularly. Focus on mission names, objectives, and achievements.
- International Rankings
- where India is placed—Ease of Doing Business, Human Development Index, Global Hunger Index, Press Freedom Index—are common question sources.
- G20 Summit 2023
- Hosted by India in New Delhi; theme "One Earth, One Family, One Future"; African Union admitted as permanent member
- BRICS Expansion 2024
- New members: Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, UAE joined the bloc
- India's GDP Growth
- FY 2023–24 estimated at 8.2% (provisional estimate by MOSPI, May 2024)
- Chandrayaan-3
- Soft landing near Moon's south pole on August 23, 2023; rover named Pragyan
Awards and Sports — General Knowledge · 12 cards
- Bharat Ratna
- is India's highest civilian award, established in 1954. The original 1954 statutes did not provide for posthumous awards, but they were later amended to permit them. The scheme limits it to a maximum of three awards in a year, though this has been exceeded (four in 1999, five in 2024).
- Padma Awards
- follow a three-tier hierarchy: Padma Vibhushan (exceptional and distinguished service), Padma Bhushan (distinguished service of high order), Padma Shri (distinguished service). Announced on Republic Day eve.
- Dronacharya Award
- recognizes outstanding coaches in sports, while Arjuna Award honors consistent outstanding performance by sportspersons over four years.
- Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna
- (formerly Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna) is India's highest sporting honor, carrying a cash prize of ₹25 lakh.
- Nobel Prize
- is awarded in six categories: Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature, Peace, and Economics (added in 1968). The Peace Prize is awarded in Oslo; others in Stockholm.
- Grand Slam
- in tennis comprises Australian Open, French Open, Wimbledon, and US Open. A calendar Grand Slam means winning all four in a single year.
- Olympic Games
- follow a four-year cycle (Olympiad). Summer and Winter Olympics are held in alternate even years since 1994.
- Cricket World Cups
- ODI World Cup (every 4 years), T20 World Cup (every 2 years from 2024), and Champions Trophy are the major ICC events.
- Arjuna Award
- Established: 1961 · Key Detail: Cash prize: ₹15 lakh
- Khel Ratna
- Established: 1991 · Key Detail: First recipient: Viswanathan Anand
- Modern Olympics
- Established: 1896 · Key Detail: Athens, Greece; India's first individual gold: Abhinav Bindra (2008)
- FIFA World Cup
- Established: 1930 · Key Detail: First winner: Uruguay; held every 4 years
International Organizations — General Knowledge · 12 cards
- United Nations (UN)
- is the primary global body for international peace, security, and cooperation, with 193 member states and six principal organs including the Security Council with 5 permanent members (P5).
- WHO (World Health Organization)
- coordinates international public health responses, sets medical standards, and leads global disease eradication programs—gained prominence during COVID-19 pandemic.
- IMF (International Monetary Fund)
- provides short-term financial assistance to countries facing balance of payment crises and monitors global monetary stability; uses Special Drawing Rights (SDR) as its accounting unit.
- World Bank Group
- focuses on long-term development loans and poverty reduction, comprising five institutions including IBRD and IDA; distinct from IMF in purpose (development vs. stability).
- SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation)
- is an 8-member regional bloc promoting economic and social development in South Asia, though often paralyzed by India-Pakistan tensions.
- BRICS
- represents emerging economies (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) challenging Western-dominated financial architecture; recently expanded to include new members in 2024.
- Specialized UN agencies
- like UNESCO, FAO, and ILO operate independently but within the UN system, each addressing specific global challenges.
- India's permanent membership bid
- for the UN Security Council is a current affairs topic connected to UN reform discussions.
- United Nations
- Founded: 1945 · Headquarters: New York · Members: 193 · Key Function: International peace and security
- WHO
- Founded: 1948 · Headquarters: Geneva · Members: 194 · Key Function: Global public health
- IMF
- Founded: 1944 · Headquarters: Washington DC · Members: 190 · Key Function: Monetary stability, BOP assistance
- World Bank (IBRD)
- Founded: 1944 · Headquarters: Washington DC · Members: 189 · Key Function: Development financing
History of Madhya Pradesh — Madhya Pradesh General Knowledge · 12 cards
- Ancient Period (Pre-Mauryan)
- Bhimbetka caves (near Raisen) contain rock paintings dating back 30,000 years — earliest evidence of human habitation in MP. The region was part of Avanti Mahajanapada with capital at Ujjain.
- Mauryan Empire (322–185 BCE)
- Ashoka governed Ujjain as a prince before becoming emperor. Sanchi Stupa, commissioned by Ashoka, remains MP's most iconic Buddhist monument.
- Gupta Period (320–550 CE)
- Often called India's "Golden Age." Samudragupta and Chandragupta II (Vikramaditya) extended control over Malwa. Ujjain flourished as a center of learning and astronomy.
- Paramara Dynasty (9th–14th century)
- Rajput dynasty ruling Malwa with capital at Dhar. Raja Bhoja (1010–1055 CE) was the most celebrated ruler — a scholar-king who built Bhojpur temple and founded Bhojshala.
- Chandela Dynasty (9th–13th century)
- Ruled Bundelkhand region. Famous for building the Khajuraho temples (UNESCO World Heritage Site). Dhanga and Vidyadhara were notable rulers.
- Holkar State of Indore
- Founded by Malhar Rao Holkar (1728). Ahilyabai Holkar (1767–1795) was the legendary queen who rebuilt temples across India and made Maheshwar her capital.
- Scindia State of Gwalior
- Founded by Ranoji Scindia (1731). Mahadji Scindia expanded the kingdom significantly. Gwalior Fort became their seat of power.
- 1857 Revolt in MP
- Rani Avantibai Lodhi of Ramgarh, Tantia Tope, and Rani Laxmibai (who died at Gwalior) were key figures. Mhow and Jabalpur saw military uprisings.
- Bhimbetka Caves
- Time Frame: 30,000 BCE onwards · Capital/Center: Near Raisen · Key Ruler/Feature: UNESCO site, rock paintings
- Avanti Mahajanapada
- Time Frame: 6th century BCE · Capital/Center: Ujjain · Key Ruler/Feature: One of 16 Mahajanapadas
- Mauryan
- Time Frame: 322–185 BCE · Capital/Center: Ujjain (provincial) · Key Ruler/Feature: Ashoka, Sanchi Stupa
- Gupta
- Time Frame: 320–550 CE · Capital/Center: Ujjain prominent · Key Ruler/Feature: Chandragupta II, astronomy
Geography of MP — Madhya Pradesh General Knowledge · 12 cards
- Central Highland Classification
- MP belongs to the Central Highland physiographic division of India, characterized by ancient crystalline rocks, plateaus, and scarps rather than recent alluvial plains.
- Narmada-Son Rift Valley
- This east-west trending geological fault separates the Vindhyan Range (north) from the Satpura Range (south), forming a critical structural feature of peninsular India.
- Drainage Divide Function
- The Vindhya-Satpura system acts as a watershed dividing north-flowing rivers (Ganga basin) from west-flowing rivers (Narmada/Tapti to the Arabian Sea) and south-flowing rivers (Wainganga, Godavari basin).
- Deccan Trap Basalt
- Large portions of western MP, especially Malwa, are covered by basalt lava flows from the Deccan Trap, creating fertile black cotton soil ideal for agriculture.
- Continental Climate Influence
- Being landlocked and located in the tropical zone, MP experiences extreme temperature variations and receives most rainfall from the southwest monsoon (June-September).
- Elevation-Temperature Relationship
- Hill stations like Pachmarhi (Satpura) enjoy cooler temperatures due to elevation, while low-lying areas in the north experience intense summer heat.
- Rain Shadow Effect
- Eastern Satpura receives more rainfall than western parts; areas in the lee of mountain ranges receive relatively less precipitation.
- Total Area
- 308,252 sq km (2nd largest state)
- Highest Point
- Dhupgarh Peak, 1,350 m (Satpura Range, Pachmarhi)
- Major Plateau
- Malwa Plateau (average elevation 500 m)
- Northern Range
- Vindhya Range (300-650 m elevation)
- Southern Range
- Satpura Range (600-1,350 m elevation)
Rivers of MP — Madhya Pradesh General Knowledge · 12 cards
- Drainage Divide
- Amarkantak plateau and Vindhya-Satpura ranges act as the water divide between Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal drainage systems.
- Narmada—The Lifeline of MP
- Fifth-longest river in India, flows westward (unlike most peninsular rivers), originates at Amarkantak, and is the largest west-flowing river between Indus and Tapti.
- Rift Valley Rivers
- Narmada and Tapti flow through rift valleys (fault troughs) rather than self-formed valleys, explaining their linear east-to-west course and lack of delta formation.
- Chambal—The Cleanest River
- Major tributary of Yamuna, originates in Vindhyan Range near Janapav (Indore), known for badland topography (ravines) in its basin.
- Betwa—River of Bundelkhand
- Originates near Raisen district, flows through Orchha and joins Yamuna in UP; Ken-Betwa river linking project is a major current affairs topic.
- Kshipra—The Sacred River
- Originates from Kakri Bardi hills near Indore, flows through Ujjain where the Simhastha Kumbh Mela is held every 12 years.
- Son—Tributary of Ganga
- Originates near Amarkantak, flows eastward through MP, UP, Jharkhand, Bihar before joining Ganga near Patna.
- Narmada
- Origin: Amarkantak (Anuppur) · Length (approx.): 1312 km · Drains into: Arabian Sea (Gulf of Khambhat) · States Covered: MP, Maharashtra, Gujarat
- Tapti
- Origin: Multai (Betul) · Length (approx.): 724 km · Drains into: Arabian Sea (Gulf of Khambhat) · States Covered: MP, Maharashtra, Gujarat
- Chambal
- Origin: Janapav hills (Indore) · Length (approx.): 960 km · Drains into: Yamuna · States Covered: MP, Rajasthan, UP
- Betwa
- Origin: Kumra village (Raisen) · Length (approx.): 590 km · Drains into: Yamuna · States Covered: MP, UP
- Son
- Origin: Amarkantak · Length (approx.): 784 km · Drains into: Ganga · States Covered: MP, UP, Jharkhand, Bihar
Flora and Fauna of MP — Madhya Pradesh General Knowledge · 12 cards
- Forest Cover Statistics
- MP has about 77,493 sq km of forest cover (ISFR 2021), constituting roughly 25.14% of the state's geographical area. The state leads in teak and sal production.
- Five Major Forest Types
- Tropical Moist Deciduous (eastern districts), Tropical Dry Deciduous (most widespread), Tropical Thorn (western arid regions), Subtropical Broadleaved Hill (Pachmarhi area), and Mixed forests.
- State Symbols
- Barasingha (state animal), Dudhraj/Paradise Flycatcher (state bird), White Lily (state flower), and Banyan Tree (state tree) represent MP's natural heritage.
- Tiger State
- MP holds the largest tiger population in India (785 tigers as per 2022 census), earning it the title "Tiger State of India."
- Endemic Species
- The hard-ground barasingha survived in the wild only in Kanha National Park until 2015, when reintroduction from Kanha to Satpura Tiger Reserve began. This makes MP critical for the species' survival.
- Forest Divisions
- The state has 16 forest circles and 67 forest divisions for administrative management of its forest resources.
- Medicinal Plants
- MP forests are rich in medicinal plants like Ashwagandha, Safed Musli, and Harra, supporting traditional medicine and pharmaceutical industries.
- State Animal
- Barasingha (Swamp Deer / Rucervus duvaucelii)
- State Bird
- Dudhraj (Asian Paradise Flycatcher / Terpsiphone paradisi)
- State Flower
- Safed Lily (White Lily / Lilium candidum)
- State Tree
- Bargad (Banyan / Ficus benghalensis)
- Total Forest Area
- 77,493 sq km forest cover, ISFR 2021 (about 25.1% of state area; recorded forest area of 94,689 sq km is about 30.7%)
National Parks and Sanctuaries — Madhya Pradesh General Knowledge · 12 cards
- National Park vs Sanctuary
- National Parks have stricter protection—no human habitation, grazing, or private land allowed. Wildlife Sanctuaries permit limited human activities and can have private land within boundaries.
- Project Tiger
- Launched in 1973 to protect tigers. Kanha, Bandhavgarh, Pench, Satpura, and Panna are all Tiger Reserves under this project.
- Biosphere Reserve
- Larger area combining core zone (National Park), buffer zone, and transition zone for sustainable development. Panna and Pachmarhi (Satpura) have biosphere reserve status.
- Barasingha (Swamp Deer)
- MP's State Animal, surviving naturally only in Kanha National Park and reintroduced from Kanha to Satpura Tiger Reserve since 2015. It is the hard-ground subspecies (Rucervus duvaucelii branderi).
- White Tiger Origin
- The first white tiger "Mohan" was captured in Bandhavgarh region (Rewa) in 1951, making it historically significant.
- Core and Buffer Zones
- Tiger reserves have core zones (critical tiger habitat) with no human activity and buffer zones allowing limited, regulated activities.
- UNESCO Recognition
- Panna Tiger Reserve lies along Ken River and is part of the proposed Ken-Betwa river linking project. Satpura is known for walking safaris, unique in Indian national parks.
- Kanha
- District(s): Mandla, Balaghat · Established: 1955 · Area (approx.): 940 sq km · Key Feature: Largest NP in MP; Barasingha conservation
- Bandhavgarh
- District(s): Umaria · Established: 1968 · Area (approx.): 450 sq km · Key Feature: Highest tiger density; White tiger origin
- Pench
- District(s): Seoni, Chhindwara · Established: 1975 · Area (approx.): 758 sq km · Key Feature: Inspired Kipling's "Jungle Book"
- Satpura
- District(s): Hoshangabad (Narmadapuram) · Established: 1981 · Area (approx.): 524 sq km · Key Feature: Walking safaris; Pachmarhi Biosphere
- Panna
- District(s): Panna, Chhatarpur · Established: 1981 · Area (approx.): 543 sq km · Key Feature: Tiger reintroduction success; Ken River
Tribes of MP — Madhya Pradesh General Knowledge · 12 cards
- Largest Tribal Population
- MP ranks first in India in absolute tribal numbers. Bhil is the largest tribe in MP, followed by Gond.
- Geographical Concentration
- Tribal population is densest in districts like Jhabua, Alirajpur, Dindori, Mandla, Barwani, and Dhar. Eastern MP (Vindhyan-Satpura belt) and western MP (Gujarat border) are tribal heartlands.
- Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)
- Three tribes in MP—Baiga, Bharia, and Sahariya—have PVTG status due to pre-agricultural technology, low literacy, and declining population.
- Livelihood Patterns
- Traditional occupations include shifting cultivation (bewar/dahiya), forest produce collection, hunting, and animal husbandry. Modern economic integration remains a challenge.
- Language
- Most tribes speak dialects of Hindi or regional languages—Gondi (Gond), Bhili (Bhil), and variations of local Hindi (Baiga, Sahariya).
- Religious Syncretism
- Tribal religions blend animism, nature worship, and ancestor veneration with Hindu practices. Each tribe has distinct deities and rituals.
- Tribal Art Forms
- Gond painting is internationally recognized. Bhil art (Pithora painting) and tribal dance forms like Karma and Saila are culturally significant.
- Gond
- Population Rank: 2nd · Primary Districts: Mandla, Dindori, Chhindwara, Betul, Seoni · PVTG Status: No
- Bhil
- Population Rank: 1st (Largest) · Primary Districts: Jhabua, Alirajpur, Dhar, Barwani, Khargone · PVTG Status: No
- Baiga
- Population Rank: — · Primary Districts: Dindori, Mandla, Shahdol, Anuppur · PVTG Status: Yes
- Sahariya
- Population Rank: — · Primary Districts: Sheopur, Shivpuri, Guna, Morena (Chambal region) · PVTG Status: Yes
- Bharia
- Population Rank: — · Primary Districts: Chhindwara, Patalkot area · PVTG Status: Yes
Economy of MP — Madhya Pradesh General Knowledge · 12 cards
- Agrarian Dominance
- Agriculture contributes significantly to state GDP; major crops include soybean, wheat, gram (chana), rice, and cotton. MP leads India in production of pulses and soybean; Rajasthan leads in total oilseeds.
- Mineral Wealth
- MP is the sole producer of diamonds in India (Panna district) and has large deposits of coal, manganese, bauxite, limestone, and copper.
- Industrial Corridors
- Key industrial cities include Indore (automobile, pharma), Bhopal (electrical goods), Jabalpur (defense, ordnance), Pithampur (auto hub called "Detroit of MP"), and Mandideep.
- Tourism as Growth Engine
- MP has three UNESCO World Heritage Sites (Khajuraho, Sanchi, Bhimbetka) and major wildlife tourism at Kanha, Bandhavgarh, and Pench national parks.
- GSDP Growth
- MP has shown consistent GDP growth above national average in recent years, driven by agriculture and services sectors.
- Infrastructure Development
- Industrial growth supported by Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC) passing through MP and development of Special Economic Zones (SEZs).
- Employment Pattern
- Agriculture employs the largest workforce, followed by services and then manufacturing/mining.
- Soybean
- MP produces over 50% of India's soybean; top districts: Indore, Ujjain, Dewas, Sehore
- Wheat
- Second largest producer in India after UP; main areas: Malwa region
- Gram (Chana)
- Largest producer in India; districts: Vidisha, Raisen, Sagar, Hoshangabad
- Diamond
- Panna is India's only diamond-producing district; Majhgawan mine operated by NMDC
- Coal
- Found in Singrauli, Sohagpur, Umaria; MP among top 5 coal-producing states
Art, Culture and Heritage — Madhya Pradesh General Knowledge · 11 cards
- Folk dances reflect community identity
- Each dance form is tied to specific communities, occasions (marriage, festivals, harvest), and regions. Matki is for Malwa weddings; Karma is a tribal harvest celebration.
- Tribal vs. non-tribal distinction matters
- Gond, Bhil, Baiga tribes have distinct art traditions (Gond paintings, Bhagoria festival) separate from mainstream folk culture.
- Seasonal and religious context
- Most fairs and festivals align with Hindu calendar events (Kartik Purnima for Gwalior Fair) or agricultural cycles.
- Musical instruments define regional identity
- Dholak, Mandar, Timki, and Algoza are integral to folk performances.
- Painting traditions have geographical anchors
- Gond art from Dindori/Mandla, Bagh prints from Dhar—location association is crucial.
- Royal patronage shaped classical traditions
- Gwalior Gharana for Hindustani classical music; Dhrupad developed here at the court of Raja Man Singh Tomar (1486–1516).
- Living traditions vs. heritage sites
- Exams test both active cultural practices and historical art monuments (Bhimbetka rock paintings, Bagh caves).
- Folk Dance
- Item: Matki · Key Detail: Malwa region; performed by women at weddings; brass pot (matki) balanced on head
- Music
- Item: Gwalior Gharana · Key Detail: Oldest Khayal gharana; founded by Hassu-Haddu Khan; Tansen connection
- Painting
- Item: Gond Art · Key Detail: Mandla/Dindori; dot-and-line technique; Jangarh Singh Shyam made it famous internationally
- Fair/Festival
- Item: Khajuraho Dance Festival · Key Detail: February; classical dance performances at temple backdrop
Tourism in MP — Madhya Pradesh General Knowledge · 12 cards
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites in MP
- Three sites—Khajuraho (1986), Sanchi (1989), and Bhimbetka (2003). Remember the chronological order of recognition.
- Chandela Dynasty Connection
- Khajuraho temples were built by Chandela rulers between 950–1050 CE. The dynasty is inseparable from this site in exam questions.
- Buddhist Heritage at Sanchi
- Sanchi Stupa was commissioned by Emperor Ashoka in 3rd century BCE. It represents the spread of Buddhism, not Hinduism or Jainism.
- Gwalior as a Multi-Dynasty Fort
- Gwalior Fort saw rule by Tomars, Mughals, Marathas, and Scindias. The "Zero" inscription and Man Singh Palace are key highlights.
- Mandu's Afghan Architecture
- Mandu (Mandavgarh) showcases Afghan-style architecture under Malwa Sultanate rulers, particularly Hoshang Shah and Baz Bahadur.
- Ujjain's Religious Significance
- One of four Kumbh Mela sites (Simhastha) and home to Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga—one of twelve Jyotirlingas in India.
- Orchha's Bundela Legacy
- Built by Bundela king Rudra Pratap Singh in 1501 CE, known for its unique Ram Raja Temple where Lord Rama is worshipped as a king.
- Bhimbetka's Prehistoric Importance
- Rock shelters with paintings dating back 30,000 years, representing Paleolithic to Mesolithic periods of human habitation.
- Khajuraho
- District: Chhatarpur · Built By / Period: Chandela Dynasty (950–1050 CE) · UNESCO Year: 1986 · Key Feature: Erotic sculptures, Nagara-style temples
- Sanchi
- District: Raisen · Built By / Period: Emperor Ashoka (3rd century BCE) · UNESCO Year: 1989 · Key Feature: Great Stupa, Ashoka Pillar, Toranas
- Gwalior Fort
- District: Gwalior · Built By / Period: Tomars (15th century) · UNESCO Year: — · Key Feature: Man Singh Palace, Zero inscription
- Mandu
- District: Dhar · Built By / Period: Malwa Sultans (15th century) · UNESCO Year: — · Key Feature: Jahaz Mahal, Hoshang Shah's Tomb
Administration of MP — Madhya Pradesh General Knowledge · 12 cards
- Governor as Constitutional Head
- Appointed by the President of India under Article 155, the Governor is the nominal executive head of the state with discretionary powers in specific situations.
- Chief Minister as Real Executive
- Leader of the majority party in Vidhan Sabha, the CM heads the Council of Ministers and runs actual administration through the Secretariat.
- Secretariat System
- The state secretariat at Vallabh Bhawan, Bhopal, houses all departments headed by Principal Secretaries/Secretaries who assist ministers in policy formulation.
- Divisional Administration
- MP is divided into 10 divisions, each headed by a Divisional Commissioner (IAS officer) who coordinates between state and district administration.
- District as Basic Unit
- The district is the fundamental administrative unit headed by a Collector/District Magistrate who handles revenue, law and order, development, and election work.
- Three-Tier Panchayati Raj
- Rural areas are governed through Zila Panchayat (district), Janpad Panchayat (block), and Gram Panchayat (village) for grassroots democracy.
- Urban Local Bodies
- Municipal Corporations (for large cities), Municipalities, and Nagar Panchayats manage urban administration.
- Total Districts
- 55 districts (as of 2024, after creation of Mauganj, Pandhurna and Maihar in 2023)
- Total Divisions
- 10 divisions
- State Capital
- Bhopal
- High Court
- Jabalpur (Principal Seat); Benches at Indore and Gwalior
- Legislative Assembly
- Unicameral — 230 elected seats (1 nominated Anglo-Indian member was additional to these until 2020; now discontinued)
Notable Personalities of MP — Madhya Pradesh General Knowledge · 4 cards
- Tantia Tope
- was a military commander of the 1857 rebellion who served under Nana Sahib and led guerrilla warfare across central India before his capture and execution.
- Rani Avantibai
- of Ramgarh (present-day Dindori district) was one of the earliest women freedom fighters who chose death over surrender during the 1857 revolt.
- Atal Bihari Vajpayee
- served as India's Prime Minister three times and was the first non-Congress PM to complete a full five-year term. He received the Bharat Ratna in 2015.
- Kishore Kumar
- was a versatile artist—singer, actor, composer, director—whose playback singing for Hindi cinema remains unmatched in popularity.
Schemes of MP Government — Madhya Pradesh General Knowledge · 8 cards
- Ladli Behna Yojana
- targets married women aged 21-60 years from economically weaker sections, providing monthly financial assistance directly to their bank accounts through DBT (Direct Benefit Transfer).
- Mukhyamantri Kanyadan Yojana
- supports marriage expenses for daughters of poor families, widows, destitute women, and laborers registered under specific welfare boards.
- Mukhyamantri Jan Kalyan (Sambal) Yojana
- is an umbrella scheme for unorganized sector workers, covering accident insurance, education assistance, and utility bill subsidies.
- Mukhyamantri Kisan Kalyan Yojana
- provides additional income support to farmers already enrolled under PM-KISAN, making it a state-level top-up scheme.
- DBT (Direct Benefit Transfer)
- is the common delivery mechanism across all major schemes, eliminating middlemen and ensuring money reaches beneficiaries directly.
- Samagra ID
- serves as the universal identification for scheme enrollment in MP, linking family and individual data for verification.
- Eligibility verification
- typically involves income certificates, domicile proof, Aadhaar-bank linkage, and Samagra portal registration.
- Sambal Yojana
- Launch Year: 2018 · Key Benefit: Accident insurance up to ₹4 lakh · Target Group: Unorganized workers
Current Affairs of MP — Madhya Pradesh General Knowledge · 8 cards
- Flagship Government Schemes
- Ladli Behna Yojana remains MP's most prominent welfare scheme, providing monthly financial assistance to women. Track expansions, beneficiary numbers, and budget allocations.
- Infrastructure Mega-Projects
- Major highway projects (like Delhi-Mumbai Expressway passing through MP), airport expansions (Gwalior, Jabalpur), and new railway lines are worth tracking.
- Investment and Industry
- MP's performance in investment summits, new industrial corridors, semiconductor/IT investments, and ease-of-doing-business rankings.
- Sports Achievements
- MP athletes in national/international competitions, Khelo India performances, and sports infrastructure developments like stadiums and academies.
- Administrative Appointments
- New Governor, Chief Secretary, DGP, district collectors of major districts, and heads of key boards/commissions.
- Awards and Recognition
- Padma awards to MP personalities, national tourism awards to MP destinations, and state-level awards like Vikram Award and Kalidas Samman.
- Environmental and Conservation News
- Tiger census updates, new wildlife corridors, Narmada river conservation initiatives, and Smart City project progress.
- Education and Health Initiatives
- New universities, medical colleges, Ayushman Bharat implementation statistics, and digital education programs.
Varnamala — General Hindi · 12 cards
- Varna (वर्ण)
- is the smallest unit of sound in Hindi that cannot be divided further. The collection of all varnas arranged systematically is called Varnamala.
- Swar (स्वर)
- are vowels that can be pronounced independently without help from any other letter. Hindi has 11 swar: अ, आ, इ, ई, उ, ऊ, ऋ, ए, ऐ, ओ, औ.
- Vyanjan (व्यंजन)
- are consonants that require support of a vowel (usually 'अ') to be pronounced. Hindi has 33 standard vyanjan from क to ह.
- Sparsh Vyanjan
- are the 25 consonants from क to म, organized in 5 vargas (groups) based on their place of articulation in the mouth.
- Antastha Vyanjan
- are semi-vowels (य, र, ल, व) — they fall between vowels and consonants in pronunciation.
- Ushma Vyanjan
- are fricative consonants (श, ष, स, ह) produced with friction of breath.
- Alpapran and Mahapran
- distinguish consonants by breath force — odd-position letters in each varga are alpapran (less breath), even-position are mahapran (more breath).
- Ayogvaah
- are अं (anuswar) and अः (visarg) — they are neither pure vowels nor consonants but appear with vowels.
- Swar (Vowels)
- Letters: अ, आ, इ, ई, उ, ऊ, ऋ, ए, ऐ, ओ, औ · Count: 11
- Sanyukt Vyanjan
- Letters: क्ष, त्र, ज्ञ, श्र · Count: 4
- Nukta-based letters
- Letters: क़, ख़, ग़, ज़, फ़ · Count: 5
- Varga
- Letters: Letters · Count: Uccharan Sthan
Sandhi — General Hindi · 11 cards
- Sandhi Definition
- The phonetic change that occurs at the junction of two sounds when words combine. Formula: First word's last letter + Second word's first letter = Combined sound.
- Sandhi-Vichchhed
- The reverse process—separating a combined word into its original two components (e.g., विद्यालय → विद्या + आलय).
- Swar Sandhi (स्वर संधि)
- Occurs when two vowels (swar) meet. Has five subtypes: Deergh, Gun, Vriddhi, Yan, and Ayadi.
- Vyanjan Sandhi (व्यंजन संधि)
- Occurs when a consonant (vyanjan) meets either a vowel or another consonant. The first letter changes based on the second letter.
- Visarg Sandhi (विसर्ग संधि)
- Occurs when Visarg (ः) meets a vowel or consonant. Visarg may convert to स्, र्, or merge with the following sound.
- Recognition Pattern
- Identify the meeting point of two words first, then determine which sound category (swar/vyanjan/visarg) is involved to classify the Sandhi type.
- Deergh (दीर्घ)
- Rule: Similar vowels combine to form long vowel: अ/आ + अ/आ = आ; इ/ई + इ/ई = ई; उ/ऊ + उ/ऊ = ऊ · Example: विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय; मही + इंद्र = महींद्र
- Gun (गुण)
- Rule: अ/आ + इ/ई = ए; अ/आ + उ/ऊ = ओ; अ/आ + ऋ = अर् · Example: देव + इंद्र = देवेंद्र; महा + उत्सव = महोत्सव
- Vriddhi (वृद्धि)
- Rule: अ/आ + ए/ऐ = ऐ; अ/आ + ओ/औ = औ · Example: एक + एक = एकैक; महा + औषध = महौषध
- Yan (यण)
- Rule: इ/ई + different vowel = य्; उ/ऊ + different vowel = व्; ऋ + different vowel = र् · Example: अति + आचार = अत्याचार; अनु + अय = अन्वय
- Ayadi (अयादि)
- Rule: ए + vowel = अय्; ऐ + vowel = आय्; ओ + vowel = अव्; औ + vowel = आव् · Example: ने + अन = नयन; पो + अन = पवन
Samas — General Hindi · 10 cards
- Samas Definition
- The process where two or more words combine by dropping विभक्तियाँ (case markers) to form a single meaningful word is called Samas. Example: राजा का पुत्र → राजपुत्र।
- Samasik Pad (सामासिक पद)
- The compound word formed after Samas is called Samasik Pad or Samast Pad.
- Samas Vigrah (समास विग्रह)
- Breaking the compound word back into its original meaningful components with appropriate case markers.
- Purva Pad and Uttar Pad
- In a Samas, the first component is called Purva Pad (पूर्व पद) and the second component is called Uttar Pad (उत्तर पद).
- Pradhanta (प्रधानता)
- Different Samas types give importance (प्रधानता) to different pads — this is the key to identification.
- Six Main Types
- Hindi grammar recognizes six Samas types — Avyayibhav, Tatpurush, Karmadharaya, Dvigu, Dvandva, and Bahuvrihi. Karmadharaya and Dvigu are often considered sub-types of Tatpurush.
- तत्पुरुष
- प्रधानता: उत्तर पद प्रधान · पहचान का मुख्य सूत्र: विग्रह में कारक चिह्न (को, से, के लिए, का/की/के, में, पर) आता है
- द्वन्द्व
- प्रधानता: दोनों पद प्रधान · पहचान का मुख्य सूत्र: विग्रह में "और", "या", "अथवा" आता है
- बहुव्रीहि
- प्रधानता: अन्य पद प्रधान · पहचान का मुख्य सूत्र: विग्रह में "जिसका/जिसकी/जिसके", "जो" आता है
- कर्मधारय
- प्रधानता: उत्तर पद प्रधान · पहचान का मुख्य सूत्र: पूर्व पद विशेषण या उपमान, उत्तर पद विशेष्य या उपमेय
Upsarg and Pratyay — General Hindi · 12 cards
- अ/अन
- अर्थ: अभाव, निषेध · उदाहरण: अज्ञान, अनपढ़
- अति
- अर्थ: अधिक · उदाहरण: अत्यंत, अतिशय
- अधि
- अर्थ: ऊपर, श्रेष्ठ · उदाहरण: अधिकार, अध्यक्ष
- अनु
- अर्थ: पीछे, समान · उदाहरण: अनुसार, अनुवाद
- अप
- अर्थ: बुरा, दूर · उदाहरण: अपमान, अपयश
- अभि
- अर्थ: सामने, ओर · उदाहरण: अभिमान, अभिनय
- उप
- अर्थ: समीप, गौण · उदाहरण: उपदेश, उपनाम
- दुर/दुस
- अर्थ: बुरा, कठिन · उदाहरण: दुर्गम, दुश्चरित्र
- नि/निर
- अर्थ: बिना, बाहर · उदाहरण: निर्धन, निर्मल
- परा
- अर्थ: उल्टा, पीछे · उदाहरण: पराजय, पराभव
- परि
- अर्थ: चारों ओर · उदाहरण: परिवार, परिक्रमा
- प्र
- अर्थ: आगे, अधिक · उदाहरण: प्रगति, प्रसिद्ध
Paryayvachi Shabd — General Hindi · 12 cards
- पर्यायवाची की परिभाषा
- जिन शब्दों के अर्थ समान या मिलते-जुलते हों, उन्हें पर्यायवाची शब्द कहते हैं। जैसे — जल, पानी, नीर, वारि सभी "water" के लिए प्रयुक्त होते हैं।
- पूर्ण पर्यायवाची बनाम आंशिक पर्यायवाची
- कुछ शब्द पूर्णतः समान अर्थ रखते हैं (जल-पानी), जबकि कुछ में सूक्ष्म अंतर होता है (क्रोध-गुस्सा में तीव्रता का भेद)।
- संस्कृत, हिंदी और उर्दू मूल
- एक ही अर्थ के लिए तीनों भाषाओं से शब्द आते हैं — अग्नि (संस्कृत), आग (हिंदी), आतिश (उर्दू)।
- प्रयोग में भेद
- पर्यायवाची होने पर भी हर संदर्भ में सभी शब्द उचित नहीं होते। "नयन" काव्य में उपयुक्त है, "आँख" बोलचाल में।
- समूहीकरण पद्धति
- याद करने के लिए शब्दों को श्रेणियों में बाँटें — प्रकृति, शरीर, भावनाएँ, देवता आदि।
- बहुपर्यायवाची शब्द
- कुछ शब्दों के अनेक पर्यायवाची होते हैं — "सूर्य" के 15+ पर्यायवाची हैं।
- सूर्य
- रवि, भानु, दिनकर, दिवाकर, प्रभाकर, भास्कर, सविता, आदित्य, मार्तण्ड
- चंद्रमा
- चाँद, राकेश, शशि, हिमांशु, इंदु, विधु, निशाकर, सुधाकर, मयंक
- जल
- पानी, नीर, वारि, अंबु, तोय, सलिल, उदक, जीवन
- अग्नि
- आग, अनल, पावक, दहन, वह्नि, ज्वाला, हुताशन
- पृथ्वी
- धरा, भूमि, धरती, वसुंधरा, अवनि, मही, क्षिति, वसुधा
- आकाश
- गगन, नभ, अंबर, व्योम, आसमान, शून्य, अनंत
Vilom Shabd — General Hindi · 12 cards
- Vilom Shabd definition
- Words that express completely opposite meanings are called Vilom Shabd. Example: दिन (day) ↔ रात (night).
- Independent antonyms (स्वतंत्र विलोम)
- Completely different words with opposite meanings — these must be memorized. Example: आकाश ↔ पाताल, सुख ↔ दुख.
- Prefix-based antonyms (उपसर्गजन्य विलोम)
- Adding अ-, अन-, निर्-, कु-, दुर्- before a word creates its opposite. Example: संभव → असंभव, आदर → अनादर.
- अ- vs अन- rule
- Use अ- before consonant-starting words (न्याय → अन्याय), use अन- before vowel-starting words (अधिकार → अनधिकार, उचित → अनुचित).
- निर्- prefix
- Indicates absence or without. Example: दोष → निर्दोष, बल → निर्बल.
- कु-/दुर्- prefix
- Indicates bad or difficult. Example: मार्ग → कुमार्ग, गुण → दुर्गुण.
- Context-dependent antonyms
- Some words have different antonyms based on context. Example: कठोर can have कोमल or मृदु as antonym depending on usage.
- Gender-based pairs
- Some antonyms are gender opposites. Example: राजा ↔ रानी, पति ↔ पत्नी, वर ↔ वधू.
- अन
- Meaning: not/without (before vowel) · Example: उचित → अनुचित, एक → अनेक
- निर्-/निस्
- Meaning: without/free from · Example: भय → निर्भय, संदेह → निस्संदेह
- कु
- Meaning: bad/wrong · Example: पुत्र → कुपुत्र, मार्ग → कुमार्ग
- दुर्-/दुस्
- Meaning: difficult/bad · Example: गुण → दुर्गुण, साहस → दुस्साहस
Muhavare aur Lokoktiyan — General Hindi · 12 cards
- मुहावरा (Idiom)
- वाक्यांश जो अपने शाब्दिक अर्थ से भिन्न, लाक्षणिक अर्थ देता है और वाक्य का अंग बनकर प्रयुक्त होता है। उदाहरण: "नाक में दम करना" = बहुत परेशान करना।
- लोकोक्ति (Proverb)
- पूर्ण वाक्य जो लोक-अनुभव या ज्ञान को व्यक्त करता है, स्वतंत्र रूप से प्रयुक्त होता है। उदाहरण: "जैसी करनी वैसी भरनी" = जैसा कर्म करोगे, वैसा फल मिलेगा।
- मुख्य अंतर
- मुहावरा वाक्य का हिस्सा बनता है और क्रिया के साथ बदलता है; लोकोक्ति स्वतंत्र, पूर्ण वाक्य है जो जस-का-तस प्रयुक्त होती है।
- मुहावरे की विशेषता
- लिंग, वचन, काल के अनुसार क्रिया में परिवर्तन होता है — "आँखें खुलीं" (भूतकाल), "आँखें खुलेंगी" (भविष्यकाल)।
- लोकोक्ति की विशेषता
- सदैव एक निश्चित रूप में प्रयुक्त; इसमें कोई व्याकरणिक परिवर्तन नहीं होता।
- परीक्षा में पूछे जाने का तरीका
- अर्थ बताइए, वाक्य में प्रयोग कीजिए, सही मुहावरा/लोकोक्ति चुनिए, या रिक्त स्थान भरिए।
- अंगूठा दिखाना
- मना कर देना
- आँखों का तारा
- अत्यंत प्रिय
- आसमान सिर पर उठाना
- बहुत शोर मचाना
- कान भरना
- चुगली करना
- खून का घूँट पीना
- क्रोध को दबाना
- गागर में सागर भरना
- थोड़े शब्दों में बहुत कहना
Alankar — General Hindi · 12 cards
- अलंकार की परिभाषा
- काव्य में चमत्कार उत्पन्न करने वाले तत्व अलंकार कहलाते हैं — "काव्यशोभाकरान् धर्मान् अलंकारान् प्रचक्षते।"
- शब्दालंकार
- जहाँ शब्दों की ध्वनि, वर्ण या उच्चारण से सौंदर्य उत्पन्न हो — अनुप्रास, यमक, श्लेष प्रमुख हैं।
- अर्थालंकार
- जहाँ अर्थ या भाव से चमत्कार हो — उपमा, रूपक, उत्प्रेक्षा, अतिशयोक्ति, मानवीकरण प्रमुख हैं।
- उपमा के चार अंग
- उपमेय (जिसकी तुलना), उपमान (जिससे तुलना), साधारण धर्म (समान गुण), वाचक शब्द (जैसे, सम, सा)।
- रूपक vs उपमा
- उपमा में तुलना होती है ("मुख चंद्रमा सा"), रूपक में एकरूपता ("मुख चंद्रमा है")।
- वाचक शब्दों की पहचान
- "जैसा, जैसे, सा, सी, से, समान, सदृश, तुल्य" = उपमा; "मानो, जनु, जानो, मनहुँ" = उत्प्रेक्षा।
- श्लेष vs यमक
- यमक में शब्द की आवृत्ति (अलग-अलग अर्थ), श्लेष में एक ही शब्द के अनेक अर्थ।
- अनुप्रास
- परिभाषा संक्षेप: एक वर्ण की आवृत्ति · पहचान संकेत: "च-च-च", "म-म-म" जैसी ध्वनि
- यमक
- परिभाषा संक्षेप: एक शब्द अनेक बार, भिन्न अर्थ · पहचान संकेत: शब्द दोहराव + अर्थ भेद
- श्लेष
- परिभाषा संक्षेप: एक शब्द, अनेक अर्थ एक साथ · पहचान संकेत: एक शब्द दो संदर्भों में
- उपमा
- परिभाषा संक्षेप: तुलना (जैसा, सम, सा) · पहचान संकेत: वाचक शब्द अनिवार्य
- रूपक
- परिभाषा संक्षेप: अभेद स्थापना · पहचान संकेत: "है/हैं" से एकरूपता
Ras and Chhand — General Hindi · 9 cards
- रस की परिभाषा
- "विभावानुभावव्यभिचारिसंयोगाद्रसनिष्पत्तिः" — भरतमुनि के अनुसार विभाव, अनुभाव और व्यभिचारी भाव के संयोग से रस की निष्पत्ति होती है।
- नौ रस (नवरस)
- भरतमुनि ने आठ रस बताए; बाद में शांत रस को जोड़कर नौ हुए।
- छंद की परिभाषा
- वर्णों या मात्राओं की निश्चित संख्या और क्रम से बनी लयबद्ध रचना।
- छंद
- रस: प्रकार · स्थायी भाव: मात्रा/विशेषता · उदाहरण संदर्भ: यति (विराम)
- दोहा
- रस: मात्रिक · स्थायी भाव: विषम चरण = 13, सम चरण = 11 (कुल 24) · उदाहरण संदर्भ: 13-11 पर
- सोरठा
- रस: मात्रिक · स्थायी भाव: दोहे का उल्टा: 11-13 मात्राएँ · उदाहरण संदर्भ: 11-13 पर
- चौपाई
- रस: मात्रिक · स्थायी भाव: प्रत्येक चरण = 16 मात्राएँ · उदाहरण संदर्भ: चरण के अंत में
- रोला
- रस: मात्रिक · स्थायी भाव: प्रत्येक चरण = 24 मात्राएँ (11+13) · उदाहरण संदर्भ: 11-13 पर
- कुंडलिया
- रस: मात्रिक · स्थायी भाव: दोहा + रोला (6 पंक्तियाँ) · उदाहरण संदर्भ: —
Apathit Gadyansh — General Hindi · 12 cards
- Mool Bhav (मूल भाव)
- The central theme or main idea of the passage. Every passage has one dominant message that questions often target directly.
- Anushirshak (अनुशीर्षक)
- Finding an appropriate title for the passage. The title must capture the essence in 2-4 words without being too broad or narrow.
- Sandarbh Arth (सन्दर्भ अर्थ)
- Contextual meaning of words. The same word may carry different meanings based on how it is used in the passage.
- Saransh (सारांश)
- Summarizing the passage in your own words, typically in one-third the original length while retaining all key points.
- Vyakaran Prayog (व्याकरण प्रयोग)
- Grammar-based questions from the passage—identifying samas, sandhi, kriya, visheshan, etc.
- Anuman (अनुमान)
- Inference questions where the answer is implied but not directly stated in the text.
- Lekhan Uddeshya (लेखन उद्देश्य)
- Understanding the author's purpose—to inform, persuade, entertain, or critique.
- Samanarthi aur Vipareetartha (समानार्थी और विपरीतार्थ)
- Identifying synonyms and antonyms from words used in the passage.
- Title
- Hindi Term: शीर्षक/उचित शीर्षक · What to Look For: Theme in 2-4 words, not too specific
- Main Idea
- Hindi Term: मूल भाव/केन्द्रीय भाव · What to Look For: First and last paragraphs usually reveal it
- Word Meaning
- Hindi Term: शब्दार्थ · What to Look For: Use sentence context, not dictionary meaning
- Opposite
- Hindi Term: विलोम शब्द · What to Look For: Look for antonyms within passage
Hindi Vartani — General Hindi · 8 cards
- अनुस्वार (वर्ग अनुसार)
- शुद्ध रूप: गंगा, चंद्र, पंडित · अशुद्ध रूप: गँगा, चन्द्र, पण्डित
- अनुनासिक (स्वर पर)
- शुद्ध रूप: आँख, चाँद, माँ · अशुद्ध रूप: आंख, चांद, मां
- 'ण' और 'न'
- शुद्ध रूप: प्राण, कारण, बाण · अशुद्ध रूप: प्रान, कारन, बान
- 'श' और 'ष'
- शुद्ध रूप: विशेष, षट्कोण · अशुद्ध रूप: विषेश, शट्कोण
- 'छ' और 'क्ष'
- शुद्ध रूप: क्षमा, क्षेत्र · अशुद्ध रूप: छमा, छेत्र
- 'ज्ञ' का उच्चारण
- शुद्ध रूप: ज्ञान, यज्ञ · अशुद्ध रूप: ग्यान, यग्य
- विसर्ग
- शुद्ध रूप: दुःख, निःशुल्क · अशुद्ध रूप: निशुल्क
- 'ऋ' की मात्रा
- शुद्ध रूप: कृपा, मृत्यु · अशुद्ध रूप: क्रिपा, म्रित्यु
English Grammar — General English · 12 cards
- Tenses indicate time and completion status
- Present, Past, and Future each have four forms: Simple, Continuous, Perfect, and Perfect Continuous. The verb form must match the time reference in the sentence.
- Articles (A, An, The) signal specificity
- "A/An" introduce something new or general; "The" refers to something specific, unique, or already mentioned. Some nouns take no article (zero article).
- Prepositions show relationships
- They connect nouns/pronouns to other words, indicating place (in, on, at), time (since, for, during), direction (to, towards), or manner (by, with).
- Active Voice emphasizes the doer; Passive Voice emphasizes the action/receiver
- Conversion requires changing subject-object positions and adjusting the verb form with appropriate "be" verb + past participle.
- Direct Narration quotes exact words; Indirect Narration reports the meaning
- Conversion involves changing pronouns, tenses (backshift), and time/place expressions.
- Modals express ability, permission, possibility, or obligation
- Each modal (can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must) has specific usage contexts that cannot be interchanged freely.
- Simple Present
- Structure: V1 / V1+s · Signal Words: always, usually, every day
- Present Continuous
- Structure: is/am/are + V-ing · Signal Words: now, at present, currently
- Present Perfect
- Structure: has/have + V3 · Signal Words: just, already, yet, since, for
- Present Perfect Continuous
- Structure: has/have been + V-ing · Signal Words: since morning, for two hours
- Simple Past
- Structure: V2 · Signal Words: yesterday, last week, ago
- Past Continuous
- Structure: was/were + V-ing · Signal Words: while, when (continuous action)
Vocabulary — General English · 12 cards
- Synonyms
- are words with similar meanings but may differ in intensity, formality, or context. "Happy" and "elated" are synonyms, but "elated" is stronger.
- Antonyms
- are words with opposite meanings. They can be formed through prefixes (happy/unhappy), different roots (hot/cold), or gradable opposites (large/small).
- One-word substitution
- replaces a phrase or definition with a single precise word. "A person who loves books" becomes "bibliophile."
- Context determines meaning
- Many words have multiple meanings. "Bank" can mean riverbank or financial institution—the sentence context reveals the intended meaning.
- Word roots carry meaning across languages
- Latin and Greek roots appear in hundreds of English words. Learning 50 common roots helps identify meanings of 500+ words.
- Degree matters in synonyms
- Words may be synonymous but differ in intensity. Annoy → irritate → infuriate shows increasing intensity.
- Prefix patterns form antonyms
- Common antonym-forming prefixes include un-, in-, im-, ir-, il-, dis-, mis-, and non-.
- One who cannot be corrected
- Incorrigible
- One who hates mankind
- Misanthrope
- One who loves mankind
- Philanthropist
- Government by the rich
- Plutocracy
- Murder of a king
- Regicide
Idioms and Phrases — General English · 6 cards
- Idioms are non-compositional
- The meaning doesn't come from adding up individual word meanings. "Kick the bucket" means to die, not literally kicking a pail.
- Phrases vs Idioms
- Phrases can be literal ("on the table") or idiomatic. Idioms are always figurative. Exam questions treat both under this category.
- Context determines choice
- Many idioms overlap in theme. "In hot water" and "in a fix" both suggest trouble, but context and collocation matter for the correct answer.
- Fixed structure
- Most idioms cannot be altered. "Break the ice" cannot become "shatter the ice" or "break the snow" while retaining the same meaning.
- Origin categories
- Many idioms come from nautical life (learn the ropes), animal behaviour (dark horse), body parts (cost an arm and a leg), or historical events (meet one's Waterloo).
- Positive/Negative connotation
- Some idioms carry inherent tone. "Blessing in disguise" is positive; "add fuel to the fire" is negative. Matching tone to sentence context is crucial.
Error Spotting and Correction — General English · 12 cards
- Subject-Verb Agreement
- The verb must match the subject in number and person. Intervening phrases between subject and verb often create confusion—ignore them and connect subject directly to verb.
- Tense Consistency
- A sentence (or related clauses) should maintain the same time frame unless a logical shift is indicated. Watch for sudden jumps from past to present without reason.
- Article Usage
- "A" before consonant sounds, "an" before vowel sounds. "The" for specific/previously mentioned nouns. Some nouns (uncountable, abstract, proper) take no article.
- Preposition Selection
- Prepositions are idiomatic—many verbs and adjectives demand specific prepositions. "Depend on" (or "depend upon"), "consist of" (not "consist in" for composition).
- Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement
- Pronouns must match their antecedents in number and gender. "Everyone" takes singular pronouns (his/her, not their in formal grammar).
- Parallelism
- Items in a list or comparison must follow the same grammatical structure. "She likes reading, writing, and to swim" is incorrect—should be "reading, writing, and swimming."
- Modifier Placement
- Modifiers should sit close to what they modify. Dangling or misplaced modifiers create absurd meanings.
- Comparative and Superlative Forms
- Use comparative (-er/more) for two items, superlative (-est/most) for three or more. Avoid double comparatives like "more better."
- Either/Neither
- Takes singular verb; "either of the boys *is*" (not are)
- Each/Every/Everyone
- Always singular; "Each student *has*" (not have)
- Collective Nouns
- Singular when acting as unit; "The team is playing"
- None
- Singular with uncountable; plural acceptable with countable
Reading Comprehension — General English · 12 cards
- Main Idea vs Supporting Details
- The main idea is the central message of the passage; supporting details are facts, examples, or arguments that back it up. Most passages have one main idea expressed in the first or last paragraph.
- Inference
- Reading between the lines—understanding what the author implies without directly stating. If a passage says "The streets were empty and shops shuttered," you infer it was night or a lockdown situation.
- Contextual Vocabulary
- Words must be understood from surrounding sentences, not dictionary meanings. "Bright" can mean intelligent or luminous depending on context.
- Author's Tone
- The attitude the writer has toward the subject—critical, supportive, neutral, sarcastic, optimistic. Tone words like "unfortunately," "remarkably," or "merely" reveal this.
- Factual vs Inferential Questions
- Factual questions ask what is directly stated; inferential questions ask what can be concluded or implied.
- Skimming vs Scanning
- Skimming means quickly reading for overall meaning; scanning means searching for specific information like names, dates, or numbers.
- Paragraph Function
- Each paragraph serves a purpose—introduction, explanation, example, contrast, or conclusion. Recognising this helps locate answers faster.
- Factual
- What It Tests: Direct information · Signal Phrases in Questions: "According to the passage," "The author states"
- Inferential
- What It Tests: Implied meaning · Signal Phrases in Questions: "It can be inferred," "The passage suggests"
- Vocabulary
- What It Tests: Word meaning in context · Signal Phrases in Questions: "The word ___ means," "closest in meaning"
- Tone/Attitude
- What It Tests: Author's perspective · Signal Phrases in Questions: "The author's attitude is," "tone of the passage"
- Title/Main Idea
- What It Tests: Central theme · Signal Phrases in Questions: "Best title," "mainly about," "primary purpose"
Fill in the Blanks — General English · 7 cards
- Context is king
- The words before and after the blank determine the answer. Never choose based on the blank alone — read the complete sentence first.
- Grammatical fit matters
- The blank may require a noun, verb, adjective, adverb, or preposition. Eliminate options that don't match the required part of speech.
- Collocations are fixed pairs
- Certain words naturally go together (make a decision, not do a decision; heavy rain, not strong rain). Recognizing collocations speeds up selection.
- Tone and register consistency
- Formal sentences need formal words; informal contexts accept casual vocabulary. A legal document won't use "gonna" or "stuff."
- Preposition-verb combinations
- Many verbs take specific prepositions (depend on, consist of, abstain from).
- Positive vs negative connotation
- Words with similar meanings may carry different emotional weight. "Thrifty" is positive; "stingy" is negative — both mean careful with money.
- Singular/plural agreement
- The blank must agree in number with the subject and other sentence elements.
Cloze Test — General English · 7 cards
- Context is king
- The meaning of the entire passage determines the correct word, not just the sentence containing the blank. Always read the full passage before attempting any blank.
- Part of speech identification
- Before checking options, determine whether the blank needs a noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, or conjunction based on sentence structure.
- Collocations matter
- English has fixed word partnerships. "Make a decision" is correct; "do a decision" is wrong. Many cloze blanks test these natural pairings.
- Transition words signal logic
- Words like however, therefore, moreover, although indicate relationships between sentences. A contrast needs "however"; a result needs "therefore."
- Subject-verb agreement
- If a blank requires a verb, check whether the subject is singular or plural. "The team was" (singular entity) versus "The players were" (plural).
- Tense consistency
- Passages maintain a dominant tense. If the passage is in past tense, a blank likely needs a past-tense verb unless there is a clear time shift.
- Elimination over selection
- Often easier to rule out three wrong options than to immediately identify the right one. Check each option against grammatical rules and meaning.
Sentence Formation — General English · 8 cards
- Basic Sentence Structure
- Every complete English sentence requires a subject and a predicate (verb). The standard order is Subject + Verb + Object (SVO). Example: "Ram (S) eats (V) an apple (O)."
- Parts of Speech Positioning
- Articles (a, an, the) come before nouns; adjectives precede the nouns they modify; adverbs typically follow verbs or precede adjectives.
- Question Formation
- Questions often begin with auxiliary verbs (is, are, do, does, have, has) or question words (what, where, when, why, how, who).
- Negative Sentences
- Negatives require auxiliary verbs followed by "not" before the main verb. Example: "She does not like tea."
- Complex Sentences
- Subordinate clauses (beginning with because, although, when, if, that) must connect logically to main clauses.
- Parallel Structure
- Items in a list or comparison must maintain the same grammatical form. Example: "She likes reading, writing, and dancing" (all gerunds).
- Modifier Placement
- Modifiers should be placed close to the words they modify to avoid ambiguity.
- Conjunctions
- Coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, so, yet) join equal elements; subordinating conjunctions (because, although, when) introduce dependent clauses.
Number System — Mathematics · 10 cards
- Natural Numbers (N)
- Counting numbers starting from 1. Set: {1, 2, 3, 4, ...}. Zero is NOT included.
- Whole Numbers (W)
- Natural numbers plus zero. Set: {0, 1, 2, 3, ...}. Every natural number is a whole number.
- Integers (Z)
- Whole numbers plus negatives. Set: {..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}. Includes positive, negative, and zero.
- Rational Numbers (Q)
- Any number expressible as p/q where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0. Includes terminating decimals (0.25 = 1/4) and repeating decimals (0.333... = 1/3).
- Irrational Numbers
- Cannot be expressed as p/q. Non-terminating, non-repeating decimals. Examples: √2, √3, π, e. Note: √4 = 2 is rational, not irrational.
- Real Numbers
- Union of rational and irrational numbers. Every point on the number line is a real number.
- HCF (Highest Common Factor)
- Largest number that divides two or more numbers exactly. Also called GCD. Used when dividing things into smaller equal groups.
- LCM (Least Common Multiple)
- Smallest number divisible by two or more numbers. Used for finding common cycles, combining fractions.
- 10
- Last digit is 0
- 11
- Difference of (sum of odd-place digits) and (sum of even-place digits) is 0 or divisible by 11
Simplification — Mathematics · 7 cards
- BODMAS Rule
- The universal order of operations—Brackets, Orders (powers/roots), Division, Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction. Division and Multiplication share equal priority (left to right), as do Addition and Subtraction.
- Bracket Hierarchy
- Solve innermost brackets first. Order: Vinculum (bar) → Parentheses ( ) → Curly braces { } → Square brackets [ ].
- Fractions
- A fraction a/b represents a parts of b equal divisions. Proper fractions have numerator < denominator; improper fractions have numerator ≥ denominator.
- Decimals
- Positional representation where digits after the decimal point represent tenths, hundredths, thousandths, etc. Every fraction can be expressed as a terminating or recurring decimal.
- Surds
- Irrational roots that cannot be simplified to rational numbers (e.g., √2, ³√5). Surds follow specific rules for multiplication, division, and rationalization.
- Like and Unlike Fractions
- Like fractions share the same denominator and can be added/subtracted directly. Unlike fractions require LCM-based conversion first.
- Recurring Decimals
- Decimals where a digit or group of digits repeats infinitely (e.g., 0.333... = 1/3). Converting them to fractions uses algebraic methods.
Percentage — Mathematics · 12 cards
- Basic definition
- x% means x/100. So 25% = 25/100 = 1/4 = 0.25.
- Converting fraction to percentage
- Multiply the fraction by 100. For example, 3/5 = (3/5) × 100 = 60%.
- Converting percentage to fraction
- Divide by 100 and simplify. For example, 37.5% = 37.5/100 = 3/8.
- Percentage of a quantity
- x% of A = (x/100) × A. Always identify what "of" refers to — that's your base.
- Percentage increase/decrease
- Change% = (Change / Original) × 100. The denominator is always the original value, not the new value.
- Successive percentage changes
- When two changes of a% and b% occur successively, net effect = a + b + (ab/100)%. This formula handles signs automatically if you use + for increase and − for decrease.
- Reverse percentage
- If after x% increase, value becomes A, then original = A × (100/(100+x)).
- Population/Depreciation formula
- For n periods of r% growth: Final = Initial × (1 + r/100)ⁿ. For depreciation, use (1 − r/100)ⁿ.
- x% of A
- (x × A) / 100
- Fraction to %
- Fraction × 100
- % Increase
- [(New − Old) / Old] × 100
- % Decrease
- [(Old − New) / Old] × 100
Ratio and Proportion — Mathematics · 12 cards
- Ratio
- compares two quantities of the same unit. If A:B = 3:5, it means for every 3 parts of A, there are 5 parts of B. The actual values could be 6 and 10, or 300 and 500—the ratio remains unchanged.
- Proportion
- states that two ratios are equal. If A:B = C:D, then A, B, C, D are in proportion. The middle terms (B and C) are called means; the outer terms (A and D) are called extremes.
- Direct Proportion
- When one quantity increases, the other increases at the same rate. Example: More workers → more output (if efficiency is constant). Mathematically, x/y = constant.
- Inverse Proportion
- When one quantity increases, the other decreases proportionally. Example: More workers → less time to finish the same work. Mathematically, x × y = constant.
- Compound Ratio
- Multiply corresponding terms of two or more ratios. If ratios are a:b and c:d, the compound ratio is ac:bd.
- Duplicate and Triplicate Ratios
- The duplicate ratio of a:b is a²:b². The triplicate ratio is a³:b³. These appear in problems involving areas and volumes.
- Componendo-Dividendo
- If a/b = c/d, then (a+b)/(a−b) = (c+d)/(c−d). This shortcut dramatically speeds certain calculations.
- If A:B = m:n, then A = mk and B = nk for some constant k
- Converting ratio to actual values
- Product of means = Product of extremes (B × C = A × D)
- Testing whether four numbers are in proportion
- Direct Proportion: x₁/y₁ = x₂/y₂
- Use when both quantities move in the same direction
- Inverse Proportion: x₁ × y₁ = x₂ × y₂
- Use when quantities move in opposite directions
- Compound Ratio of (a:b), (c:d), (e:f) = ace : bdf
- Combining multiple ratios
Average — Mathematics · 7 cards
- Arithmetic Mean
- is the sum of all observations divided by the total number of observations. It represents the central value of a data set.
- Weighted Average
- assigns different weights (importance) to different values. Use this when items contribute unequally to the total.
- Average of a series
- For consecutive numbers, the average equals the middle term (or the mean of the two middle terms when the count is even). For an AP, average = (first term + last term) ÷ 2.
- Effect of adding/removing items
- When a new item is added, the change in average depends on how far the new item is from the old average.
- Replacement concept
- When one item replaces another, the change in sum equals (new item − old item), and this affects the average proportionally.
- Average speed
- is NOT the simple average of speeds. It equals total distance ÷ total time.
- Combined average
- When two groups merge, the combined average lies between the two individual averages, closer to the group with more members.
Profit and Loss — Mathematics · 7 cards
- Cost Price (CP)
- is the price at which an article is purchased or manufactured; it includes all expenses incurred to bring the goods to a saleable condition.
- Selling Price (SP)
- is the price at which an article is sold to the customer; profit occurs when SP > CP, loss occurs when SP < CP.
- Marked Price (MP)
- is the price tagged or listed on the article before any discount; it is always calculated on CP, and discount is always calculated on MP.
- Discount
- is the reduction given on Marked Price to arrive at Selling Price; successive discounts are applied one after another on reduced prices, not on original MP.
- Profit or Loss percentage
- is always calculated on Cost Price unless explicitly stated otherwise.
- In dishonest dealing problems
- , a trader uses faulty weights or measures; the profit percentage depends on the ratio of actual quantity to claimed quantity.
- Break-even point
- occurs when SP equals CP, resulting in neither profit nor loss.
Simple and Compound Interest — Mathematics · 8 cards
- Principal (P)
- is the original sum of money borrowed or invested before any interest is added.
- Simple Interest (SI)
- is calculated only on the original principal, remaining constant for each time period regardless of accumulated interest.
- Compound Interest (CI)
- is calculated on the principal plus previously accumulated interest, making the interest grow exponentially over time.
- Rate (R)
- is always expressed as percentage per annum unless stated otherwise; convert to decimal form (R/100) in formulas.
- Time (T/n)
- must match the compounding frequency—if interest compounds half-yearly, convert annual rate to half-yearly rate and double the time periods.
- Amount (A)
- equals Principal plus Interest; this is the total sum at the end of the investment/loan period.
- CI always exceeds SI
- for the same principal, rate, and time when time is more than one year; for exactly one year with annual compounding, SI equals CI.
- Effective Rate
- is the actual annual rate when compounding occurs more frequently than annually.
Time and Work — Mathematics · 7 cards
- Efficiency is inversely proportional to time
- If A is twice as fast as B, A takes half the time B takes for the same work.
- Efficiency = Total Work ÷ Time
- When A completes work in 10 days, A's efficiency is W/10 per day.
- LCM Method
- Assume total work = LCM of all given times. This gives integer efficiencies, avoiding fractions entirely.
- Combined efficiency
- When A and B work together, add their individual efficiencies. Time = Total Work ÷ (Efficiency of A + Efficiency of B).
- Negative efficiency for pipes
- An outlet pipe or leak has negative efficiency—it subtracts from the filling rate.
- Man-days concept
- Total work = Number of workers × Number of days. Useful for problems where workforce changes.
- Fractional work
- If someone leaves after completing part of the work, calculate remaining work and reassign.
Time and Distance — Mathematics · 7 cards
- Basic Relationship
- Speed = Distance ÷ Time. This single formula, rearranged appropriately, solves most problems. Distance = Speed × Time; Time = Distance ÷ Speed.
- Unit Conversion
- To convert km/hr to m/s, multiply by 5/18. To convert m/s to km/hr, multiply by 18/5. This conversion is essential for train problems where lengths are in metres.
- Relative Speed (Same Direction)
- When two objects move in the same direction, relative speed = difference of their speeds. The faster object "gains" on the slower one.
- Relative Speed (Opposite Direction)
- When two objects move towards each other or away from each other, relative speed = sum of their speeds.
- Train Crossing Problems
- A train covers its own length when passing a pole/man, but covers (train length + object length) when passing a platform or another train.
- Boats and Streams
- Downstream speed = boat speed + stream speed. Upstream speed = boat speed − stream speed. The stream helps when going downstream and opposes when going upstream.
- Average Speed
- For equal distances at different speeds, average speed = 2ab/(a+b), not the simple arithmetic mean.
Statistics — Mathematics · 8 cards
- Mean (Arithmetic Average)
- is the sum of all observations divided by the number of observations. It uses every data point and is sensitive to extreme values (outliers).
- Median
- is the middle value when data is arranged in ascending or descending order. It is the best measure when data has outliers or is skewed.
- Mode
- is the value that occurs most frequently. A dataset can have no mode, one mode (unimodal), or multiple modes (bimodal/multimodal).
- Frequency Distribution
- organizes data into classes with their frequencies, making calculation of mean/median/mode systematic for large datasets.
- Class Mark (Mid-value)
- = (Lower limit + Upper limit) / 2. This represents each class in grouped data calculations.
- Cumulative Frequency
- is the running total of frequencies, essential for finding median in grouped data.
- Empirical Relationship
- Mode = 3 × Median − 2 × Mean. Use this shortcut when two measures are known.
- Range
- = Maximum value − Minimum value. A basic measure of dispersion.
Coding-Decoding — Reasoning and Aptitude · 8 cards
- Letter Position System
- Every letter has a fixed position — A=1, B=2, C=3... Z=26. Most coding patterns involve adding, subtracting, or manipulating these positions.
- Forward and Backward Shifting
- Letters may be shifted forward (+) or backward (−) by a fixed number. Example: If each letter moves +2, then A→C, B→D, CAT→ECV.
- Opposite Letter Pairing
- Each letter pairs with its "opposite" such that their positions sum to 27. A↔Z, B↔Y, C↔X, D↔W... M↔N.
- Reversal Coding
- The word or its code is simply reversed. BOOK coded as KOOB, or the coded letters themselves are reversed after applying another rule.
- Position-Based Variable Shifting
- Different letters shift by different amounts based on their position in the word. First letter +1, second letter +2, third letter +3, and so on.
- Number Substitution Coding
- Letters are replaced by numbers representing their position, sum of positions, or a mathematical transformation of positions.
- Substitution (Fictitious Language) Coding
- Words are assigned arbitrary codes in a "language." You identify the common word across statements to decode individual word meanings.
- Mixed/Conditional Coding
- Vowels follow one rule, consonants follow another. Or odd-position letters shift differently from even-position letters.
Number and Letter Series — Reasoning and Aptitude · 12 cards
- Constant Difference Series
- Each term differs from the previous by a fixed number (e.g., 3, 7, 11, 15 → difference is +4).
- Increasing/Decreasing Difference
- The difference itself follows a pattern (e.g., +2, +3, +4, +5...).
- Multiplication/Division Series
- Each term is multiplied or divided by a constant or changing factor.
- Square and Cube Series
- Terms are perfect squares (1, 4, 9, 16...) or cubes (1, 8, 27, 64...), or follow patterns like n² + 1, n³ - n.
- Alternating Series
- Two separate patterns interleaved in odd and even positions.
- Mixed Operation Series
- Combination of operations like ×2 + 1, ×3 - 2 applied alternately.
- Letter Series Position Rule
- Each letter has a position value (A=1, B=2... Z=26). Patterns follow these positions.
- Wrong Term Detection
- One term violates the pattern; identify it by checking what the correct term should be.
- Letter Positions
- A=1, B=2, C=3 ... Z=26. After Z, cycle back (Z+1 = A)
- First 10 Squares
- 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100
- First 10 Cubes
- 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729, 1000
- Fibonacci Pattern
- Each term = sum of previous two (1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13...)
Classification — Reasoning and Aptitude · 6 cards
- Common property rule
- All items in a group share one defining property (category, mathematical feature, position, structure). The odd one lacks this property.
- Four main types
- Word-based (semantic categories), Number-based (mathematical properties), Letter-based (alphabetical patterns), and Figure-based (visual attributes).
- Hierarchy of checking
- When multiple properties seem possible, prioritize the most specific or dominant pattern. Example: "All are prime numbers" trumps "all are odd numbers" if three primes and one non-prime odd number are given.
- Distractor design
- Examiners often include items that partially fit. A fruit might be placed among vegetables, but both are "food"—you must find the tighter grouping.
- Position matters in letters
- Alphabetical position values (A=1, B=2... Z=26) often reveal hidden number patterns in letter groups.
- Look for what's NOT obvious
- If all items seem similar at first glance, dig deeper—check factors, digit sums, vowel counts, or category subcategories.
Puzzles — Reasoning and Aptitude · 12 cards
- Linear arrangement
- People or objects sit in a row facing one direction (single-row) or two directions (double-row). Positions are numbered left-to-right; "immediate left" means one position to the left.
- Circular arrangement
- People sit around a table. Facing centre means neighbour on your left is clockwise; facing outward reverses this. Always mark direction arrows on your diagram.
- Scheduling puzzles
- Assign entities to days (Monday–Sunday) or months. Treat the timeline like a linear row; conditions often use "before," "after," "gap of two days."
- Grouping / Distribution
- Divide n persons into k groups. Use a grid where rows = groups and columns = slot numbers. Sometimes groups also have attributes (e.g., Team Red, Team Blue).
- Fixed vs Floating clues
- A fixed clue locks a position ("A sits at end"); a floating clue shows relation ("B is two places from C"). Always process fixed clues first.
- Negative clues
- "X is not adjacent to Y" eliminates possibilities rather than fixing them—note these separately and apply during testing.
- Unique solution principle
- Exam puzzles have one valid arrangement. If you find two possible setups, re-check conditions; one will violate a clue.
- Adjacent
- Immediately next to (no gap)
- Immediate left/right
- Exactly one position away on that side
- Opposite (circular)
- Directly across the circle (n/2 seats away in even-numbered circles)
- Gap of k
- k positions/days between two entities (not including them)
- Neighbours
- Both persons sitting immediately beside a given person
Blood Relations — Reasoning and Aptitude · 12 cards
- Generation Mapping
- Always identify which generation each person belongs to — grandparents (top), parents (middle), children (bottom). This prevents confusion in complex problems.
- Gender Indicators
- Words like son, brother, father, uncle, nephew indicate male. Words like daughter, sister, mother, aunt, niece indicate female. Spouse, parent, child, cousin, sibling are gender-neutral.
- The "Only" Keyword
- "A is the only son of B" means B has no other sons (but may have daughters). "A is the only child of B" means B has just one child total.
- Paternal vs Maternal Line
- Paternal relations come through father's side (paternal uncle = father's brother). Maternal relations come through mother's side (maternal grandmother = mother's mother).
- In-Laws
- Father-in-law/Mother-in-law = spouse's parents. Son-in-law = daughter's husband. Daughter-in-law = son's wife. Brother-in-law = spouse's brother OR sister's husband.
- Cousin Rule
- Children of your parents' siblings are your cousins. In Hindi/Indian context, questions may use "cousin brother" or "cousin sister" to specify gender.
- Symbol Convention
- Use + for male, - for female, = for marriage, | for parent-child, and — for siblings when drawing trees.
- Nephew
- Brother's or sister's son
- Niece
- Brother's or sister's daughter
- Uncle
- Father's or mother's brother
- Aunt
- Father's or mother's sister
- Grandfather
- Father's or mother's father
Direction Sense — Reasoning and Aptitude · 8 cards
- Cardinal Directions
- The four main directions are North (N), South (S), East (E), and West (W). North is always shown at the top in standard diagrams.
- Intermediate Directions
- North-East (NE), North-West (NW), South-East (SE), and South-West (SW) lie exactly between cardinal directions at 45° angles.
- Clockwise Order
- Moving clockwise from North: N → NE → E → SE → S → SW → W → NW → N. This cycle helps determine results of turns.
- Left Turn Rule
- A left turn means rotating 90° counter-clockwise. From North, a left turn faces West. From East, a left turn faces North.
- Right Turn Rule
- A right turn means rotating 90° clockwise. From North, a right turn faces East. From South, a right turn faces West.
- Opposite Directions
- N↔S and E↔W are opposite pairs. NE↔SW and NW↔SE are opposite intermediate pairs.
- Shortest Distance
- The straight-line distance between two points, calculated using the Pythagorean theorem when the path forms a right angle.
- Shadow and Sun Direction
- At sunrise, shadows fall West (sun in East). At sunset, shadows fall East (sun in West). At noon, shadows are shortest and fall North in India for most of the year (south of the Tropic of Cancer they fall South for a period around June, between the two Zero Shadow Days).
Syllogism — Reasoning and Aptitude · 11 cards
- Statement vs. Conclusion
- Statements are given premises (accept them as true). Conclusions are claims you must test against the statements—never add outside knowledge.
- Universal Statements
- "All A are B" and "No A is B" apply to the entire group. Universal Affirmative (All) and Universal Negative (No) are definite claims.
- Particular Statements
- "Some A are B" and "Some A are not B" apply to at least one member. Particular Affirmative (Some) and Particular Negative (Some not) are partial claims.
- "Some" means "at least one"
- When a statement says "Some A are B," it could mean one, many, or even all A are B. This is critical for understanding possibilities.
- Definite vs. Possible Conclusions
- A definite conclusion must be true in ALL valid Venn diagram representations. A possible conclusion is true in AT LEAST ONE valid representation.
- Complementary Pair Rule
- "Some A are B" and "Some A are not B" form a complementary pair—at least one of them is always true when dealing with two overlapping categories.
- Conversion Rules
- "All A are B" converts to "Some B are A." "Some A are B" converts to "Some B are A." "No A is B" converts to "No B is A." "Some A are not B" does NOT convert.
- Universal Affirmative
- Code: A · Statement Form: All A are B · Example: All teachers are graduates
- Universal Negative
- Code: E · Statement Form: No A is B · Example: No cat is a dog
- Particular Affirmative
- Code: I · Statement Form: Some A are B · Example: Some students are athletes
- Particular Negative
- Code: O · Statement Form: Some A are not B · Example: Some birds are not crows
Calendar and Clock — Reasoning and Aptitude · 12 cards
- Odd Days
- The remainder when total days are divided by 7. This determines how many days the week shifts forward from a reference day.
- Leap Year Rule
- A year is a leap year if divisible by 4, except century years must be divisible by 400. So 2000 was a leap year, but 1900 was not.
- Ordinary Year vs Leap Year
- Ordinary year = 365 days = 52 weeks + 1 odd day. Leap year = 366 days = 52 weeks + 2 odd days.
- Day Codes
- Sunday = 0, Monday = 1, Tuesday = 2, Wednesday = 3, Thursday = 4, Friday = 5, Saturday = 6.
- Clock Hand Movement
- The minute hand moves 360° in 60 minutes (6° per minute). The hour hand moves 360° in 12 hours (0.5° per minute or 30° per hour).
- Relative Speed of Hands
- The minute hand gains 5.5° per minute over the hour hand (6° − 0.5° = 5.5°).
- Hands Overlap
- Hands coincide approximately every 65 minutes and 27 seconds, or exactly 11 times in 12 hours.
- Right Angle Formation
- Clock hands form a right angle (90°) 22 times in 12 hours.
- 1 ordinary year
- 1 odd day
- 1 leap year
- 2 odd days
- 100 years
- 5 odd days
- 200 years
- 3 odd days
Computer Basics — Computer Knowledge · 12 cards
- Computer Definition
- An electronic device that accepts data (input), processes it according to instructions (program), and produces meaningful results (output). It follows the IPO cycle—Input, Process, Output.
- Hardware vs Software
- Hardware is the physical, tangible part you can touch (keyboard, monitor, CPU). Software is the set of instructions that tells hardware what to do—you cannot physically touch software.
- Central Processing Unit (CPU)
- Called the "brain" of the computer, it has three parts—ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) for calculations, CU (Control Unit) for coordination, and Registers for temporary storage.
- Memory Hierarchy
- Primary memory (RAM, ROM) is fast but limited; Secondary memory (hard disk, SSD, pen drive) is slower but provides permanent, large-capacity storage.
- Input Devices vs Output Devices
- Input devices send data TO the computer (keyboard, mouse, scanner). Output devices receive data FROM the computer (monitor, printer, speaker).
- System Software vs Application Software
- System software manages computer operations (Windows, Linux). Application software performs specific user tasks (MS Word, Tally, Chrome).
- Volatile vs Non-volatile Memory
- RAM is volatile—loses data when power is off. ROM is non-volatile—retains data permanently.
- First
- Period: 1940-1956 · Technology Used: Vacuum Tubes · Key Feature: ENIAC, UNIVAC; very large, high heat
- Second
- Period: 1956-1963 · Technology Used: Transistors · Key Feature: Smaller, faster, more reliable
- Third
- Period: 1964-1971 · Technology Used: Integrated Circuits (ICs) · Key Feature: Even smaller, keyboard-monitor introduced
- Fourth
- Period: 1971-1989 · Technology Used: Microprocessors (VLSI) · Key Feature: Personal computers, GUI developed
- Fifth
- Period: 1989-Present · Technology Used: AI, ULSI, Parallel Processing · Key Feature: Artificial Intelligence, voice recognition
Operating Systems — Computer Knowledge · 12 cards
- OS as Resource Manager
- The operating system manages CPU time, memory allocation, storage space, and peripheral devices—ensuring multiple programs can run without conflict.
- Types of OS
- Single-user (one user at a time—early DOS), Multi-user (multiple users—Unix/Linux servers), Real-time OS (immediate processing—ATMs, medical equipment), Batch OS (jobs processed in batches without user interaction).
- GUI vs CLI
- Graphical User Interface (Windows, macOS) uses icons and mouse; Command Line Interface (DOS, Linux terminal) uses typed commands—GUI is user-friendly, CLI is faster for experts.
- Booting Process
- The sequence when a computer starts—POST (Power-On Self Test) → BIOS/UEFI loads → OS kernel loads → Desktop appears.
- Multitasking
- Modern OS can run multiple applications simultaneously by rapidly switching CPU attention between programs (e.g., playing music while browsing).
- File System
- The method OS uses to organize data on storage—Windows uses NTFS (New Technology File System) and FAT32; each file has a name, extension, size, and location.
- Device Drivers
- Special software that allows OS to communicate with hardware devices like printers, scanners, and graphics cards.
- Windows Versions for Exams
- Know the progression—Windows 95 → 98 → XP → 7 → 8 → 10 → 11; Windows is developed by Microsoft Corporation.
- Full form of OS
- Operating System
- Windows developer
- Microsoft Corporation
- First Windows version
- Windows 1.0 (1985)
- Current Windows versions
- Windows 10, Windows 11
MS Office — Computer Knowledge · 8 cards
- MS Word
- is a word processor for creating documents — letters, reports, resumes. Default extension is .docx (older format: .doc).
- MS Excel
- is a spreadsheet application for calculations, data analysis, and charts. Files are stored as .xlsx workbooks containing multiple worksheets.
- MS PowerPoint
- creates presentations with slides containing text, images, animations, and transitions. Default extension is .pptx.
- MS Access
- is a database management system (DBMS) for storing and querying structured data. Uses .accdb format and works with tables, queries, forms, and reports.
- Ribbon Interface
- All modern MS Office apps use a ribbon (introduced in Office 2007) with tabs (Home, Insert, View, etc.) containing grouped commands.
- Quick Access Toolbar
- Small customizable toolbar above the ribbon for frequently used commands like Save, Undo, Redo.
- Office Button / File Tab
- Contains file operations: New, Open, Save, Save As, Print, Close, Exit.
- Clipboard operations
- Cut (Ctrl+X), Copy (Ctrl+C), Paste (Ctrl+V) work uniformly across all Office applications.
Internet and Networking — Computer Knowledge · 12 cards
- Internet
- is a global network of interconnected computer networks using standardized communication protocols (TCP/IP). It is the "network of networks."
- Intranet
- is a private network within an organization accessible only to its members, while Extranet extends intranet access to authorized external users like partners or vendors.
- LAN (Local Area Network)
- covers a small geographical area like an office, school, or building. It offers high speed and is privately owned.
- WAN (Wide Area Network)
- spans large geographical areas—cities, countries, or continents. The Internet itself is the largest WAN. WANs use leased telecommunication lines.
- MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
- covers a city or large campus—larger than LAN but smaller than WAN.
- Web Browser
- is software that retrieves, presents, and traverses information on the World Wide Web. It interprets HTML and displays web pages.
- Search Engine
- is a software system that searches a database of internet sites based on keywords entered by the user and returns relevant results.
- Email (Electronic Mail)
- is a method of exchanging digital messages over the internet using protocols like SMTP (sending) and POP3/IMAP (receiving).
- URL
- Full Form: Uniform Resource Locator · Purpose: Address of a web resource
- HTTP
- Full Form: HyperText Transfer Protocol · Purpose: Protocol for web page transfer
- HTTPS
- Full Form: HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure · Purpose: Encrypted web communication
- HTML
- Full Form: HyperText Markup Language · Purpose: Language for creating web pages
Cyber Security — Computer Knowledge · 12 cards
- Cyber Security
- refers to the practice of protecting computer systems, networks, and data from digital attacks, unauthorized access, damage, or theft.
- Malware
- (malicious software) is the umbrella term for any software intentionally designed to cause harm—includes viruses, worms, trojans, ransomware, and spyware.
- Virus
- is a program that attaches itself to legitimate files and spreads when the infected file is executed; it requires human action to propagate.
- Worm
- is self-replicating malware that spreads automatically across networks without needing a host file or user intervention.
- Trojan Horse
- disguises itself as legitimate software but performs malicious actions once installed; unlike viruses, it does not self-replicate.
- Firewall
- acts as a security barrier between a trusted internal network and untrusted external networks, filtering incoming and outgoing traffic based on security rules.
- Phishing
- is a social engineering attack where attackers impersonate trusted entities through fake emails or websites to steal sensitive information like passwords and credit card details.
- Authentication
- verifies user identity before granting access; strong authentication combines something you know (password), something you have (OTP token), and something you are (biometric).
- Trojan
- Disguised as useful software; does not replicate; creates backdoors
- Ransomware
- Encrypts victim's files and demands payment for decryption key
- Spyware
- Secretly monitors user activity and collects personal information
- Adware
- Displays unwanted advertisements; may track browsing habits
Digital Tools — Computer Knowledge · 12 cards
- Cloud Storage
- is a model where data is stored on remote servers accessed via the internet, eliminating the need for local physical storage devices. Users can access files from any device with internet connectivity.
- SaaS, PaaS, IaaS
- are cloud service models—Software as a Service (Gmail, Google Docs), Platform as a Service (Google App Engine), and Infrastructure as a Service (Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure).
- Public, Private, and Hybrid Clouds
- refer to deployment models—public clouds are shared (Google Drive), private clouds are organization-specific, and hybrid combines both.
- Online Forms
- are web-based tools for collecting data through structured input fields. Google Forms, Microsoft Forms, and government application portals are common examples.
- e-Governance
- means using Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to deliver government services to citizens, businesses, and other government agencies efficiently and transparently.
- G2C, G2B, G2G, G2E
- are e-Governance interaction types—Government to Citizen, Government to Business, Government to Government, and Government to Employee.
- Digital Signature
- is an electronic authentication method that verifies the identity of the sender and ensures document integrity—legally valid under the IT Act, 2000.
- MP Online
- is Madhya Pradesh's official e-Governance portal providing services like certificate issuance, exam applications, bill payments, and license renewals.
- Google Drive free storage
- 15 GB shared across Gmail, Drive, and Photos
- OneDrive free storage
- 5 GB for personal accounts
- Dropbox free storage
- 2 GB for basic accounts
- IT Act for digital signatures
- Information Technology Act, 2000 (amended 2008)