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MH Police Bharti · Flashcards

MH Police Bharti flashcards

635 cards from 58 fact-checked topic notes · English

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Marathi Varnamala — Marathi Language (मराठी) · 12 cards
Total Letters in Marathi Varnamala
Marathi has 48 basic letters — 12 vowels (swar) and 36 consonants (vyanjan). Some classifications include additional compound letters, bringing the extended count to 52.
Swar (स्वर) — Vowels
These are independent sounds that can be pronounced without help from other letters. Marathi has 12 swar: अ, आ, इ, ई, उ, ऊ, ऋ, ए, ऐ, ओ, औ, अं (anusvara counted separately in some systems).
Vyanjan (व्यंजन) — Consonants
These require a vowel sound to be pronounced completely. Marathi has 36 vyanjan organised into structured groups.
Varga Vyanjan (वर्ग व्यंजन)
The first 25 consonants arranged in 5 groups of 5 letters each, classified by the mouth position used for pronunciation (kanthya, talavya, murdhanya, dantya, oshthya).
Avarga Vyanjan (अवर्ग व्यंजन)
The remaining 11 consonants (य, र, ल, व, श, ष, स, ह, ळ, क्ष, ज्ञ) that don't fit into the five varga groups.
Unique Marathi Letter — ळ
This is the distinctive Marathi consonant not found in standard Hindi. It appears in words like "केळं" (banana), "बाळ" (child).
Sanyukt Vyanjan
Combined consonants like क्ष and ज्ञ are sometimes listed separately, though they're formed from joining two consonants.
Hrasva and Dirgha Swar
Short vowels (hrasva) like अ, इ, उ, ऋ take less time to pronounce; long vowels (dirgha) like आ, ई, ऊ take more time.
Swar (Vowels)
Count: 12 · Letters: अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ऋ ए ऐ ओ औ अं
Varga Vyanjan
Count: 25 · Letters: क-वर्ग to प-वर्ग (5 groups × 5)
Avarga Vyanjan
Count: 11 · Letters: य र ल व श ष स ह ळ क्ष ज्ञ
Total Vyanjan
Count: 36 · Letters: 25 + 11
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Shabd Jaati (Parts of Speech) — Marathi Language (मराठी) · 12 cards
Naam (नाम / Noun)
Words that name a person, place, thing, feeling, or idea. Example: राम, पुणे, पुस्तक, आनंद. Everything you can point to or think of as "something" is a noun.
Sarvanaam (सर्वनाम / Pronoun)
Words used in place of nouns to avoid repetition. Example: तो, ती, ते, मी, तू, आम्ही. The noun a pronoun replaces is called its "poorvpad" (पूर्वपद).
Visheshan (विशेषण / Adjective)
Words that describe or qualify a noun, telling us "which one" or "what kind." Example: मोठा (big), सुंदर (beautiful), पाच (five). Always linked to a noun (called visheshya).
Kriyapad (क्रियापद / Verb)
Words that express action, state, or existence. Example: जातो, खातो, आहे, झाला. Every complete Marathi sentence needs a kriyapad.
Kriyavisheshan (क्रियाविशेषण / Adverb)
Words that modify a verb, adjective, or another adverb — telling how, when, where, or how much. Example: हळूहळू (slowly), आज (today), येथे (here), खूप (very).
Shabdayogi (शब्दयोगी अव्यय / Postposition)
Words that show relationship between nouns. Example: वर, खाली, मध्ये, साठी. Similar to English prepositions but placed after the noun.
Ubhayaanvayee Avyay (उभयान्वयी अव्यय / Conjunction)
Words that join words, phrases, or sentences. Example: आणि, पण, किंवा, म्हणून.
Kevalprayogee Avyay (केवलप्रयोगी अव्यय / Interjection)
Words expressing sudden emotion. Example: अरे!, वा!, छान!, अरेरे!
नाम
ओळख चिन्ह: कोण/काय या प्रश्नाचे उत्तर · उदाहरणे: मुलगा, शाळा, प्रेम
सर्वनाम
ओळख चिन्ह: नामाऐवजी वापरतो · उदाहरणे: मी, तू, तो, ती, ते, हा, ही
विशेषण
ओळख चिन्ह: कसा/कोणता या प्रश्नाचे उत्तर · उदाहरणे: लाल, उंच, दोन, त्याचा
क्रियापद
ओळख चिन्ह: काय केले/काय होते · उदाहरणे: धावतो, गेला, आहे
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Sandhi — Marathi Language (मराठी) · 12 cards
संधी व्याख्या
दोन ध्वनी (स्वर/व्यंजन) जवळ आल्यावर त्यांचे एकत्रीकरण होऊन नवीन ध्वनी तयार होणे म्हणजे संधी.
संधी विग्रह
संधीयुक्त शब्दातील मूळ दोन शब्द वेगळे करणे. उदा. विद्यालय → विद्या + आलय.
स्वरसंधी (Swar Sandhi)
दोन स्वर एकत्र आल्यावर होणारा बदल. मराठीत सर्वाधिक महत्त्वाची संधी.
व्यंजनसंधी (Vyanjan Sandhi)
व्यंजन + स्वर किंवा व्यंजन + व्यंजन यांच्या संयोगाने होणारा बदल.
विसर्गसंधी
विसर्ग (ः) आणि त्यापुढील स्वर/व्यंजन यांचा संयोग.
सजातीय स्वर
एकाच वर्गातील स्वर (अ-आ, इ-ई, उ-ऊ) एकत्र आल्यास दीर्घ स्वर होतो.
विजातीय स्वर
वेगवेगळ्या वर्गातील स्वर एकत्र आल्यास गुण/वृद्धी/यण संधी होते.
दीर्घ संधी
संयोग: अ/आ + अ/आ · परिणाम: आ · उदाहरण: देव + आलय = देवालय
गुण संधी
संयोग: अ/आ + इ/ई · परिणाम: ए · उदाहरण: देव + इंद्र = देवेंद्र
वृद्धी संधी
संयोग: अ/आ + ए/ऐ · परिणाम: ऐ · उदाहरण: एक + एक = एकैक
यण संधी
संयोग: इ/ई + (विजातीय स्वर) · परिणाम: य् + स्वर · उदाहरण: अति + अंत = अत्यंत
नियम
संयोग: संयोग · परिणाम: परिणाम · उदाहरण: उदाहरण
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Samas — Marathi Language (मराठी) · 12 cards
Samas (समास)
means "संक्षेप" or compression — joining two or more words to create one shorter compound word, dropping the vibhakti pratyay (case endings) in between.
Samasik Shabd (सामासिक शब्द)
The final compound word formed after joining (e.g., राजपुत्र).
Samas Vigraha (समास विग्रह)
Breaking the compound back into its original words with vibhakti restored (e.g., राजपुत्र → राजाचा पुत्र).
Purvapad (पूर्वपद)
The first word/component of the compound.
Uttarpad (उत्तरपद)
The second/later word/component of the compound.
Pradhanya (प्राधान्य)
Dominance. The classification depends on which pad is more important in meaning.
अव्ययीभाव
प्राधान्य: पूर्वपद (अव्यय) · ओळख: First word is avyay (indeclinable); whole compound acts as avyay · उदाहरण: यथाशक्ती, प्रतिदिन, आजन्म · विग्रह: शक्तीप्रमाणे, प्रत्येक दिवशी, जन्मापासून
तत्पुरुष
प्राधान्य: उत्तरपद · ओळख: Second word dominant; vibhakti hidden · उदाहरण: राजपुत्र, तोंडपाठ, देशभक्ती · विग्रह: राजाचा पुत्र, तोंडाने पाठ, देशावर भक्ती
कर्मधारय
प्राधान्य: उत्तरपद · ओळख: विशेषण-विशेष्य relation; both refer to same thing · उदाहरण: नीलकमल, महादेव, चंद्रमुख · विग्रह: नीळे असे कमळ, महान देव, चंद्रासारखे मुख
द्विगू
प्राधान्य: उत्तरपद · ओळख: First word is a संख्यावाचक (number) · उदाहरण: त्रिभुवन, पंचवटी, नवरात्र · विग्रह: तीन भुवनांचा समूह, पाच वडांचा समूह, नऊ रात्रींचा समूह
द्वंद्व
प्राधान्य: दोन्ही पदे समान · ओळख: Both words equal; joined by 'आणि/व/किंवा' · उदाहरण: आईवडील, रात्रंदिवस, भाजीपाला · विग्रह: आई आणि वडील, रात्र आणि दिवस, भाजी आणि पाला
बहुव्रीही
प्राधान्य: अन्यपद (बाहेरचा अर्थ) · ओळख: Meaning refers to a third entity outside the compound · उदाहरण: नीलकंठ, दशानन, चक्रपाणी · विग्रह: निळा कंठ आहे ज्याचा तो (शंकर), दहा आनने ज्याला तो (रावण)
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Samanarthi Shabd (Synonyms) — Marathi Language (मराठी) · 12 cards
समानार्थी शब्द (Samanarthi Shabd)
means words having identical or very close meanings. Example: पाणी = जल = उदक (water).
संदर्भानुसार अर्थ (Contextual meaning)
Some synonyms are interchangeable in all contexts; others fit only specific registers (formal, poetic, colloquial). Know which synonym suits which context.
तत्सम-तद्भव संबंध
Many synonym pairs exist because Marathi has Sanskrit-origin (tatsam) and Prakrit-evolved (tadbhav) versions of the same concept. Example: अग्नी (tatsam) = आग (tadbhav).
काव्यात्मक शब्द (Poetic synonyms)
Words like शशी, चंद्र, इंदू for moon appear in literature-based questions.
एकाच संकल्पनेचे अनेक शब्द
Concepts like sun, water, earth, king have multiple synonyms.
विरुद्ध नाही, समान आहे
Don't confuse with Virudharthi (antonyms). The question asks for same meaning, not opposite.
शब्दसंग्रह वर्गीकरण
Organize learning by category — body parts, nature, emotions, actions — for better retention.
पाणी
जल, उदक, नीर, अंबु, तोय, वारी
आग
अग्नी, अनल, पावक, वैश्वानर
वारा
वायू, पवन, समीर, मारुत, अनिल
आकाश
नभ, गगन, अंबर, आभाळ, व्योम
पृथ्वी
भू, धरा, वसुंधरा, अवनी, धरती, भूमी
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Virudharthi Shabd (Antonyms) — Marathi Language (मराठी) · 12 cards
Definition
Virudharthi shabd are two words expressing completely opposite meanings. Example: सुख (happiness) ↔ दुःख (sorrow).
Word class consistency
An antonym must belong to the same grammatical category as the original. Noun pairs with noun, verb with verb, adjective with adjective.
Prefix-based antonyms
Many Marathi antonyms form by adding prefixes like अ-, अन्-, निर्-, दुर्-. Example: शक्य (possible) → अशक्य (impossible).
Root-change antonyms
Some pairs have entirely different roots with no prefix pattern. Example: रात्र (night) ↔ दिवस (day).
Context sensitivity
A word may have different antonyms depending on context. Example: कठीण can mean "hard" (antonym: मऊ/soft) or "difficult" (antonym: सोपे/easy).
Tatsam vs Tadbhav pairs
Sanskrit-origin (tatsam) words often have tatsam antonyms; colloquial (tadbhav) words pair with tadbhav antonyms.
Degree matters
True antonyms show complete opposition. "Good" and "bad" are antonyms; "good" and "average" are not.
सुंदर
अर्थ: beautiful · विरुद्धार्थी: कुरूप · अर्थ: ugly
श्रीमंत
अर्थ: rich · विरुद्धार्थी: गरीब · अर्थ: poor
उंच
अर्थ: tall/high · विरुद्धार्थी: सखल / ठेंगणा · अर्थ: low/short
जड
अर्थ: heavy · विरुद्धार्थी: हलका · अर्थ: light
गरम
अर्थ: hot · विरुद्धार्थी: थंड · अर्थ: cold
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Vakprachar & Mhani — Marathi Language (मराठी) · 12 cards
Vakprachar (वाक्प्रचार)
An idiom or phrase that gains special meaning when words combine; cannot be understood by literal translation of individual words. Always used as part of a larger sentence.
Mhani (म्हणी)
A complete proverb or saying that stands alone; conveys wisdom, moral lesson, or universal truth based on life experience.
Literal vs Implied Meaning
The surface meaning of words differs from the intended message. "डोक्यावर बर्फ ठेवणे" literally means putting ice on head, but implies staying calm.
Contextual Appropriateness
Each expression fits specific situations. Using wrong context is a common exam trap.
Origin Logic
Most expressions derive from rural life, agriculture, animals, or historical events. Understanding the source helps remember the meaning.
Positive vs Negative Connotation
Some expressions praise (e.g., "हातचा मळ" — very easy), while others criticise (e.g., "कावळ्याची चाल" — imitating others blindly).
अंगावर काटा येणे
भीतीने अंगावर रोमांच उभे राहणे (to get goosebumps from fear)
अंथरूण पाहून पाय पसरणे
ऐपतीप्रमाणे खर्च करणे (spend according to capacity)
आकाशाला गवसणी घालणे
अशक्य गोष्ट करण्याचा प्रयत्न (attempt impossible task)
आडात नाही तर पोहऱ्यात कुठून येणार (म्हण)
जे मूळात नाही ते मिळणार नाही (cannot give what one doesn't have)
उंटावरून शेळ्या हाकणे
दुरून व्यवस्थापन करणे (manage from distance)
उचलली जीभ लावली टाळ्याला (म्हण)
विचार न करता बोलणे (speak without thinking)
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Ling & Vachan — Marathi Language (मराठी) · 8 cards
पुल्लिंग (Masculine)
Common Endings: -आ, -ऊ · Examples: मुलगा, घोडा, गुरू, हत्ती
स्त्रीलिंग (Feminine)
Common Endings: -ई, -आ (some) · Examples: मुलगी, नदी, माता, भाषा
नपुंसकलिंग (Neuter)
Common Endings: -अ, -ए, -ऊ (some) · Examples: पुस्तक, घर, पाणी, फूल
Singular Ending
Common Endings: Plural Ending · Examples: Example
-आ (masc.)
Common Endings: -ए · Examples: मुलगा → मुलगे, घोडा → घोडे
-ई (fem.)
Common Endings: -या · Examples: मुलगी → मुलग्या, नदी → नद्या
-अ (neuter)
Common Endings: -अ (same) or -ए · Examples: पुस्तक → पुस्तके, घर → घरे
-ऊ (masc.)
Common Endings: -ऊ (same) · Examples: गुरू → गुरू
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Kaal (Tenses) — Marathi Language (मराठी) · 9 cards
काळ म्हणजे क्रिया घडण्याचा वेळ
क्रियापदाच्या रूपावरून तो ओळखता येतो.
तीन मुख्य काळ
भूतकाळ (भूत = गेलेला), वर्तमानकाळ (वर्तमान = चालू), भविष्यकाळ (भविष्य = येणारा).
प्रत्येक काळाचे चार उपप्रकार
साधा, अपूर्ण/चालू, पूर्ण आणि रीति (सवयदर्शक).
क्रियापदाचे रूप बदलते
कर्ता, लिंग, वचन आणि काळानुसार क्रियापद बदलते.
सहायक क्रियापद
आहे, होता, असेल, होईल इ. काळ ओळखण्यात मदत करतात.
काळदर्शक शब्द
काल, आज, उद्या, नेहमी, आधी इ. शब्द काळ ओळखण्यास उपयुक्त.
भूतकाळ
साधा: तो गेला · अपूर्ण/चालू: तो जात होता · पूर्ण: तो गेला होता · रीति (सवयदर्शक): तो जात असे
वर्तमानकाळ
साधा: तो जातो · अपूर्ण/चालू: तो जात आहे · पूर्ण: तो गेला आहे · रीति (सवयदर्शक): तो जात असतो
भविष्यकाळ
साधा: तो जाईल · अपूर्ण/चालू: तो जात असेल · पूर्ण: तो गेला असेल · रीति (सवयदर्शक): तो जात जाईल
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Vakya Rachna — Marathi Language (मराठी) · 12 cards
Vakya (वाक्य)
A complete sentence must have a subject (कर्ता), verb (क्रियापद), and express a complete thought. Incomplete thoughts are not proper sentences.
Standard Marathi Word Order
Subject + Object + Verb (SOV pattern). Unlike English (SVO), Marathi places the verb at the end. Example: राम आंबा खातो (Ram mango eats).
Karta-Kriyapad Anvay (Subject-Verb Agreement)
The verb must agree with the subject in person, number, and gender. "मुलगा जातो" (singular masculine) vs "मुलगी जाते" (singular feminine) vs "मुले जातात" (plural).
Vibhakti Pratyay (Case Endings)
Marathi uses suffixes to show grammatical relationships: ला, ने, स, शी, हून, त, वर, etc. Wrong pratyay = grammatical error.
Kaal Sangati (Tense Consistency)
A sentence should maintain consistent tense unless there is a logical reason to shift. Mixing past and present randomly is an error.
Ling-Vachan Sangati (Gender-Number Agreement)
Adjectives and verbs must match the gender and number of the noun they refer to.
Avyay (Indeclinables)
Words like आणि, परंतु, म्हणून, की do not change form. Using them incorrectly disrupts sentence meaning.
Vakya Prakar (Sentence Types)
Vidhanarthi (declarative), Prashnarthak (interrogative), Udgararthak (exclamatory), Adnyarthak (imperative). Each has distinct structure rules.
Verb agrees with subject gender
Correct Example: ती गाणे गाते · Incorrect Example: ~~ती गाणे गातो~~
Verb agrees with subject number
Correct Example: मुले खेळतात · Incorrect Example: ~~मुले खेळतो~~
Vibhakti pratyay must match meaning
Correct Example: मला भूक लागली · Incorrect Example: ~~मी भूक लागली~~
Adjective agrees with noun
Correct Example: गोड आंबा · Incorrect Example: ~~गोडी आंबा~~
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Alankar & Chhand — Marathi Language (मराठी) · 12 cards
Alankar (अलंकार)
Literary devices that add beauty, emphasis, or vividness to language. Divided into Shabdalankar (sound-based) and Arthalankar (meaning-based).
Shabdalankar (शब्दालंकार)
Ornaments based on sound/word arrangement — e.g., Anupras (alliteration), Yamak (same word with different meanings).
Arthalankar (अर्थालंकार)
Ornaments based on meaning/comparison — e.g., Upama, Rupak, Utpreksha.
Chhand (छंद)
The metrical or rhythmic pattern in poetry, determined by the number and arrangement of syllables or mātras.
Matra (मात्रा)
The unit of syllabic weight — a short vowel (ऱ्हस्व) = 1 matra; a long vowel (दीर्घ) = 2 matras.
Akshar Chhand
Metre counted by total syllables (अक्षरछंद, e.g. ओवी, अभंग).
Matra Chhand
Metre counted by total matras (मात्रावृत्त).
Akshargan Vritta
Metres with a fixed number of syllables in a fixed pattern of short and long syllables (अक्षरगणवृत्त); in Marathi prosody 'जाती' is the name for matra-counted metres.
अनुप्रास
Definition: Same consonant sound repeated · Example: सरळ सुंदर सरिता वाहे
यमक
Definition: Same word repeated with different meanings · Example: "काळ आला, काळ गेला" (time came, death went)
श्लेष
Definition: One word having two meanings · Example: "ती सूर्यमुखी फुलली" (sunflower / sun-faced girl)
उपमा
Definition: Direct comparison using "जसे, सारखे, सम" · Example: "चंद्रासारखे मुख" (face like the moon)
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Shabd Siddhi (Word Formation) — Marathi Language (मराठी) · 11 cards
तत्सम (Tatsam)
संस्कृतमधून जसेच्या तसे मराठीत आलेले शब्द. उच्चार आणि स्पेलिंग संस्कृतप्रमाणेच असते. उदा. अग्नि, विद्या, राजा, पुष्प.
तद्भव (Tadbhav)
संस्कृत शब्दांचे अपभ्रंश/विकृत रूप. मूळ संस्कृत शब्द कालांतराने बदलून मराठीत वेगळ्या स्वरूपात आले. उदा. आग (अग्नि), हात (हस्त), दूध (दुग्ध).
देशी (Deshi)
स्थानिक/महाराष्ट्रातील मूळ शब्द ज्यांचा संस्कृतशी संबंध नाही. प्राकृत, अपभ्रंश किंवा आदिवासी भाषांमधून आलेले. उदा. डोके, झाड, पोट, बाई.
विदेशी (Videshi)
परकीय भाषांमधून आलेले शब्द. अरबी, फारसी, इंग्रजी, पोर्तुगीज, तुर्की इत्यादींमधून. उदा. शहर (फारसी), स्कूल (इंग्रजी), बटाटा (पोर्तुगीज).
तत्सम ओळखण्याची खूण
शब्द संस्कृत व्याकरणानुसार शुद्ध वाटतो, 'क्ष', 'ज्ञ', 'श्र' असे जोडाक्षर असतात.
तद्भव ओळखण्याची खूण
शब्द सोपा, बोलीभाषेतला वाटतो पण त्याचे संस्कृत मूळ सापडते.
विदेशी ओळखण्याची खूण
शब्दात 'ज', 'फ', 'ख' ध्वनी असतात (फारसी/अरबी); किंवा स्पष्टपणे इंग्रजी वाटतो.
तत्सम
व्याख्या: जसेच्या तसे संस्कृत शब्द · स्रोत: संस्कृत · उदाहरणे: वायु, सूर्य, चंद्र, नेत्र, कर्ण, पुत्र, पुष्प
तद्भव
व्याख्या: संस्कृतचे बदललेले रूप · स्रोत: संस्कृत → अपभ्रंश · उदाहरणे: वारा (वायु), कान (कर्ण), फूल (पुष्प)
देशी
व्याख्या: स्थानिक/मूळ मराठी · स्रोत: प्राकृत/आदिवासी · उदाहरणे: डोके, झाड, पोट, बाई, लेकरू, रडणे
विदेशी
व्याख्या: परकीय भाषांमधून · स्रोत: अरबी/फारसी/इंग्रजी/पोर्तुगीज · उदाहरणे: कचेरी, शहर, बाजार, रस्ता, खुर्ची, टेबल, बटन
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Gadyansh / Comprehension — Marathi Language (मराठी) · 12 cards
मुख्य कल्पना (Central Idea)
प्रत्येक गद्यांशाचा एक केंद्रीय विचार असतो जो संपूर्ण उताऱ्याला एकत्र बांधतो. हा विचार ओळखणे सर्वात महत्त्वाचे आहे.
शीर्षक निवड (Title Selection)
उताऱ्याचा मुख्य भाव व्यक्त करणारे, सर्वसमावेशक आणि आकर्षक शीर्षक निवडावे — खूप विस्तृत किंवा खूप संकुचित नसावे.
संदर्भानुसार अर्थ (Contextual Meaning)
शब्दांचे अर्थ उताऱ्यातील संदर्भानुसार बदलतात. शब्दकोशातील अर्थ नव्हे तर उताऱ्यातील वापरानुसार अर्थ द्यावा.
निष्कर्ष काढणे (Drawing Inference)
जे स्पष्टपणे लिहिले नाही पण सूचित केले आहे ते समजून घेणे — between the lines वाचणे.
तथ्यात्मक प्रश्न (Factual Questions)
उताऱ्यात थेट दिलेली माहिती — कोण, काय, कधी, कुठे यांची उत्तरे.
लेखकाचा दृष्टिकोन (Author's Perspective)
लेखक या विषयाबद्दल सकारात्मक, नकारात्मक की तटस्थ आहे हे ओळखणे.
सारांश (Summary)
मूळ उताऱ्यातील सर्व महत्त्वाचे मुद्दे कमी शब्दांत मांडणे.
मुख्य कल्पना
ओळखण्याची पद्धत: "उताऱ्याचा मुख्य विषय काय?" · उत्तर कुठे शोधावे: पहिले व शेवटचे वाक्य
शीर्षक
ओळखण्याची पद्धत: "योग्य शीर्षक द्या" · उत्तर कुठे शोधावे: संपूर्ण उताऱ्याचा सार
शब्दार्थ
ओळखण्याची पद्धत: "--- या शब्दाचा अर्थ" · उत्तर कुठे शोधावे: आधी-नंतरची वाक्ये
तथ्यात्मक
ओळखण्याची पद्धत: "कोणी/कधी/कुठे" · उत्तर कुठे शोधावे: उताऱ्यात शोधा
निष्कर्ष
ओळखण्याची पद्धत: "यावरून काय समजते?" · उत्तर कुठे शोधावे: सूचित अर्थ
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Number System — Mathematics · 9 cards
Natural Numbers (N)
Counting numbers starting from 1. Set = {1, 2, 3, 4, ...}. Does NOT include zero.
Whole Numbers (W)
Natural numbers plus zero. Set = {0, 1, 2, 3, ...}. Every natural number is a whole number, but 0 is whole only.
Integers (Z)
Whole numbers plus negative numbers. Set = {..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}. Includes positive, negative, and zero.
Rational Numbers (Q)
Numbers expressible as p/q where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0. Examples: 3/4, -7/2, 5 (which is 5/1), 0.25 (which is 1/4).
Hierarchy
Natural ⊂ Whole ⊂ Integer ⊂ Rational. Every natural number is rational, but not vice versa.
Prime Numbers
Numbers greater than 1 with exactly two factors (1 and itself). Examples: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13...
Composite Numbers
Numbers greater than 1 with more than two factors. Examples: 4, 6, 8, 9, 10...
Special Cases
1 is neither prime nor composite. 2 is the only even prime number. 0 is neither positive nor negative.
11
Difference of sum of alternate digits divisible by 11
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Simplification — Mathematics · 12 cards
BODMAS Rule
The universal order of operations: Brackets → Of (meaning "of" or multiplication) → Division → Multiplication → Addition → Subtraction. Division and Multiplication have equal priority (solve left to right), as do Addition and Subtraction.
Brackets Hierarchy
Solve innermost first: Vinculum (bar) → Round ( ) → Curly { } → Square [ ].
"Of" means Multiplication
"Half of 40" = ½ × 40. Treat "of" as × but solve it before normal ÷ and ×.
Division and Multiplication — Left to Right
When both appear without brackets, process whichever comes first from left to right; same rule for Addition and Subtraction.
Fraction to Decimal Conversions
Memorise common values (see Quick Reference) to avoid repeated division during the exam.
Negative Number Rules
(−) × (−) = (+); (−) × (+) = (−); same logic for division.
Approximation
When options are well-spaced, round numbers to nearest easy value, compute, and pick closest answer.
Square of (a + b)
a² + 2ab + b²
Square of (a − b)
a² − 2ab + b²
Difference of squares
a² − b² = (a + b)(a − b)
Cube shortcut
(a + b)³ = a³ + 3a²b + 3ab² + b³
Percentage ↔ Fraction
25% = ¼, 33⅓% = ⅓, 50% = ½, 66⅔% = ⅔, 75% = ¾
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Percentage — Mathematics · 12 cards
Basic Definition
x% = x/100. To find x% of a number N, calculate (x × N)/100.
Percentage to Fraction
Divide by 100 and simplify. Example: 25% = 25/100 = 1/4.
Fraction to Percentage
Multiply by 100. Example: 3/5 = (3/5) × 100 = 60%.
Percentage Increase/Decrease
When a value changes from A to B, the percentage change = [(B − A)/A] × 100. Positive result means increase, negative means decrease.
Successive Percentage Change
When two successive changes of a% and b% occur, the net effect = a + b + (ab/100)%. This is crucial for discount-on-discount and population growth problems.
Base Value Matters
"A is 20% more than B" means A = 1.2B. But "A is 20% less than B" means A = 0.8B. The base is always what comes after "than" or "of".
Reverse Percentage
If a number after x% increase becomes N, original = N × (100/(100 + x)). If after x% decrease, original = N × (100/(100 − x)).
x% of N
(x × N)/100
Percentage change
[(New − Old)/Old] × 100
A is x% more than B
A = B × (100 + x)/100
A is x% less than B
A = B × (100 − x)/100
Successive change (a%, b%)
Net = a + b + (ab/100)%
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Profit & Loss — Mathematics · 8 cards
Cost Price (CP)
is the price at which a trader buys goods. This is your base for calculating profit or loss.
Selling Price (SP)
is the price at which goods are sold to the customer. SP > CP means profit; SP < CP means loss.
Marked Price (MP)
is the price written on the product label (also called list price or tag price). Discount is always calculated on MP, not on CP.
Profit or Loss is always calculated on CP
this is the universal rule unless the question explicitly states otherwise.
Discount is always calculated on MP
the reduction given from the labelled price before arriving at SP.
Successive discounts
are applied one after another on the reduced price, not on the original MP.
Break-even point
occurs when SP = CP, meaning neither profit nor loss.
In dishonest dealer problems
, profit comes from using faulty weights/measures while claiming to sell at CP or at a stated profit percentage.
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Ratio & Proportion — Mathematics · 12 cards
Ratio
compares two quantities of the same unit. Written as a:b or a/b. The ratio 4:6 simplifies to 2:3 by dividing both terms by their HCF.
Proportion
states that two ratios are equal. If a:b = c:d, then a×d = b×c (cross-multiplication rule). This is called the "product of means equals product of extremes."
Direct Proportion
When one quantity increases, the other increases proportionally. Example: More workers → more work done (in same time).
Inverse Proportion
When one quantity increases, the other decreases proportionally. Example: More workers → less time needed (for same work).
Compounded Ratio
When ratios a:b and c:d are compounded, result is (a×c):(b×d).
Duplicate Ratio
of a:b is a²:b². Sub-duplicate Ratio is √a:√b. Triplicate Ratio is a³:b³.
Partnership
When multiple people invest money, profit is divided in the ratio of (Capital × Time) for each partner.
Componendo-Dividendo
If a/b = c/d, then (a+b)/(a−b) = (c+d)/(c−d). Useful for quick calculations in specific problems.
Ratio of a to b
a:b (always express in lowest terms)
Proportion check
If a:b :: c:d, then a×d = b×c
Mean Proportional
Between a and b is √(a×b)
Third Proportional
To a and b is b²/a
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Average — Mathematics · 12 cards
Average (Mean)
is the sum of all observations divided by the number of observations. It represents the "central" value of a data set.
Weighted Average
applies when different items have different importance (weights). Multiply each value by its weight, sum them, then divide by total weight.
Effect of Adding a Number
If a new number is added to a group, the new average shifts toward that number. If the new number equals the old average, average remains unchanged.
Effect of Removing a Number
Removing a number above the average pulls the average down; removing one below pulls it up.
Replacement Rule
When one item is replaced by another, change in sum = (new value – old value). This change divided by count gives shift in average.
Average of Consecutive Numbers
For any arithmetic progression, average = (first term + last term) ÷ 2.
Age-based Problems
Average age of a group changes uniformly with time—after T years, average increases by T (assuming no one leaves or joins).
Basic Average
Average = Sum of observations ÷ Number of observations
Sum from Average
Sum = Average × Number of observations
Average of first n natural numbers
(n + 1) ÷ 2
Average of first n even numbers
n + 1
Average of consecutive numbers from a to b
(a + b) ÷ 2
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Simple & Compound Interest — Mathematics · 8 cards
Principal (P)
The original amount borrowed or invested — the base for all calculations.
Rate (R)
Interest rate expressed as percentage per annum (per year) unless stated otherwise.
Time (T/n)
Duration in years. Convert months to years by dividing by 12.
SI grows linearly
Interest added each year is constant. After 3 years at 10%, you earn 10% + 10% + 10% = 30% of principal.
CI grows exponentially
Each year's interest is added to principal, so next year earns interest on a larger amount.
CI - SI difference exists only from year 2 onwards
For 1 year with annual compounding, SI = CI.
Compounding frequency matters
More frequent compounding (half-yearly, quarterly) means higher effective interest.
Doubling/Tripling time
SI doubles principal when RT = 100. For CI, use the Rule of 72 (approximate years to double = 72 ÷ R).
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Time & Work — Mathematics · 12 cards
Work Rate
If A completes work in n days, A's one day work = 1/n. This is the fundamental building block.
Combined Work
When A and B work together, their combined one day work = 1/a + 1/b, where a and b are their individual completion times.
LCM Method
Assume total work = LCM of individual times. This converts fractions to whole numbers, making calculations faster.
Inverse Relationship
More workers means less time (if efficiency is same). Time is inversely proportional to number of workers.
Work = Rate × Time
Just like Distance = Speed × Time. This formula governs all variations.
Wages Ratio = Work Ratio
If A does 3 units and B does 2 units, wages split in 3:2 ratio, regardless of time spent.
Pipes & Cisterns
Filling pipe has positive rate, emptying pipe (leak) has negative rate. Net rate = sum of all rates.
Efficiency Ratio
If A is twice as efficient as B, then A's rate = 2 × B's rate, so A takes half the time.
A's one day work
1/A (where A = days to complete)
A and B together
Time = (A × B)/(A + B) days
A, B, C together
Time = 1/(1/A + 1/B + 1/C) days
Work done
W = Rate × Time
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Time & Distance — Mathematics · 12 cards
Basic Relationship
Speed = Distance ÷ Time. This formula rearranges to Distance = Speed × Time and Time = Distance ÷ Speed.
Unit Conversion
Converting between km/hr and m/s is essential—multiply km/hr by 5/18 to get m/s, and multiply m/s by 18/5 to get km/hr.
Relative Speed (Same Direction)
When two objects move in the same direction, relative speed = difference of their speeds.
Relative Speed (Opposite Direction)
When two objects move toward each other, relative speed = sum of their speeds.
Train Problems
The distance covered by a train includes its own length. When crossing a platform, total distance = length of train + length of platform.
Boats & Streams
A boat's effective speed changes based on water current—downstream (with current) speed increases, upstream (against current) speed decreases.
Average Speed
When covering the same distance at two different speeds, average speed = 2ab/(a+b), not the simple arithmetic mean.
Basic
Speed = Distance/Time
km/hr to m/s
Multiply by 5/18
m/s to km/hr
Multiply by 18/5
Train crossing a pole/person
Time = Length of train ÷ Speed
Train crossing a platform/bridge
Time = (Length of train + Length of platform) ÷ Speed
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Mensuration — Mathematics · 12 cards
Perimeter
is the total length of the boundary of a 2-D shape. Think of it as the length of fencing needed to enclose a plot.
Area
is the surface enclosed within the boundary of a 2-D figure. It tells you how much paint or carpet is needed.
Surface Area
of a 3-D object is the total area of all its outer faces—relevant for painting, wrapping, or coating problems.
Volume
measures the space inside a 3-D object. It answers "how much water/sand/air can this container hold?"
Lateral/Curved Surface Area (LSA/CSA)
excludes the top and bottom faces—used when only the sides are painted or wrapped.
Unit consistency
is critical: if dimensions are in cm, area is in cm², volume in cm³. Convert before calculating, not after.
Composite figures
combine basic shapes. Break them into standard parts, calculate separately, then add or subtract as needed.
Square (side a)
Perimeter: 4a · Area: a²
Rectangle (l × b)
Perimeter: 2(l + b) · Area: l × b
Triangle (sides a, b, c; base b, height h)
Perimeter: a + b + c · Area: ½ × b × h
Equilateral Triangle (side a)
Perimeter: 3a · Area: (√3/4) × a²
Right Triangle (legs a, b)
Perimeter: a + b + √(a² + b²) · Area: ½ × a × b
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Geometry — Mathematics · 12 cards
Types of Angles
Acute (< 90°), Right (= 90°), Obtuse (> 90° but < 180°), Straight (= 180°), Reflex (> 180° but < 360°)
Complementary & Supplementary
Two angles are complementary if sum = 90°; supplementary if sum = 180°
Vertically Opposite Angles
When two lines intersect, opposite angles are equal
Parallel Lines + Transversal
Creates 8 angles with special relationships — alternate angles are equal, corresponding angles are equal, co-interior angles sum to 180°
Triangle Angle Sum
Interior angles of any triangle always sum to 180°
Exterior Angle Theorem
An exterior angle of a triangle equals the sum of the two non-adjacent interior angles
Pythagoras Theorem
In a right triangle, (hypotenuse)² = (base)² + (perpendicular)²
Circle Basics
Angle at centre = 2 × angle at circumference (same arc); angle in semicircle = 90°; tangent is perpendicular to radius at point of contact
Linear pair
Adjacent angles on straight line sum to 180°
Vertically opposite
Equal to each other
Corresponding angles
Equal when lines are parallel
Alternate interior angles
Equal when lines are parallel
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Area & Volume — Mathematics · 12 cards
Surface Area
measures the total outer covering of a 3-D object — think of how much paint is needed. Measured in square units (cm², m²).
Volume
measures the space inside a 3-D object — think of how much water it can hold. Measured in cubic units (cm³, m³).
Lateral/Curved Surface Area (LSA/CSA)
excludes the top and bottom faces. Use this when a container is open or when only the sides are painted.
Total Surface Area (TSA)
includes all faces — top, bottom, and sides.
1 litre = 1000 cm³ = 0.001 m³
This conversion appears in almost every tank/container problem.
LSA (4 faces)
4a²
TSA (6 faces)
6a²
Diagonal
a√3
Measure
Formula
LSA (4 walls)
2h(l + b)
TSA (all 6 faces)
2(lb + bh + hl)
CSA (curved only)
2πrh
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Algebra — Mathematics · 12 cards
Variable
A symbol (usually x, y, z) representing an unknown quantity that you need to find.
Linear Equation
An equation where the highest power of the variable is 1. Example: 3x + 5 = 17.
Coefficient
The number multiplied with a variable. In 7x, the coefficient is 7.
Constant
A fixed value without any variable. In 3x + 5 = 17, both 5 and 17 are constants.
Solution of an Equation
The value of the variable that makes the equation true. If x = 4 satisfies 3x + 5 = 17, then 4 is the solution.
Simultaneous Equations
Two or more equations solved together to find values of multiple unknowns.
Algebraic Identity
An equation that holds true for all values of the variables involved, used to expand or factorise expressions quickly.
Like Terms
Terms having the same variable with the same power. Only like terms can be added or subtracted.
(a + b)²
a² + 2ab + b²
(a − b)²
a² − 2ab + b²
(a + b)(a − b)
a² − b²
(a + b)³
a³ + 3a²b + 3ab² + b³ = a³ + b³ + 3ab(a + b)
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Indian History — General Knowledge & Current Affairs · 12 cards
Periodisation
Indian history divides into Ancient (up to 1206 AD), Medieval (1206–1757 AD), and Modern (1757–1947 AD) periods based on political and cultural shifts.
Harappan Civilisation (2600–1900 BCE)
India's first urban culture; known for town planning, drainage systems, and trade—not for iron or horses.
Vedic Age Transition
Early Vedic society was pastoral and tribal; Later Vedic period saw settled agriculture, varna system rigidity, and emergence of kingdoms.
Mauryan Centralisation
First pan-Indian empire; Ashoka's adoption of Buddhism and Dhamma policy transformed governance philosophy.
Gupta Golden Age
Classical Sanskrit literature, Aryabhata's astronomy, Nalanda University, and temple architecture flourished.
Delhi Sultanate Pattern
Five dynasties ruled—Slave, Khilji, Tughlaq, Sayyid, Lodi—each with distinct administrative experiments.
Mughal Synthesis
Akbar's Sulh-i-Kul (universal tolerance), Mansabdari system, and Indo-Islamic art defined the empire's peak.
Colonial Exploitation
British rule systematically drained Indian wealth through land revenue systems, trade monopolies, and de-industrialisation.
Indus Valley sites
Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Lothal (dockyard), Kalibangan (fire altars), Dholavira (water reservoir)
Vedas order
Rigveda (oldest) → Samaveda → Yajurveda → Atharvaveda
Buddha's life events
Birth: Lumbini, Enlightenment: Bodh Gaya, First Sermon: Sarnath, Death: Kushinagar
Mauryan rulers sequence
Chandragupta → Bindusara → Ashoka
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Indian Freedom Struggle — General Knowledge & Current Affairs · 12 cards
1857 Revolt was a large-scale organised resistance
against British rule, sparked by the greased cartridge issue but rooted in political, economic, and social grievances. It failed due to lack of unity, modern weapons, and central leadership.
Indian National Congress (1880s–1947)
evolved in three phases: Moderate phase (1885–1905) of petitions and prayers, Extremist phase (1905–1919) of "Swaraj is my birthright," and Gandhian phase (1920–1947) of mass movements.
Partition of Bengal (1905)
by Lord Curzon united Indians against British divide-and-rule policy and gave birth to the Swadeshi movement.
Gandhian philosophy of Satyagraha
(truth-force) and Ahimsa (non-violence) transformed the freedom struggle into a mass movement involving peasants, workers, women, and students.
Three major Gandhian movements
Non-Cooperation (1920–22), Civil Disobedience (1930–34), and Quit India (1942)—progressively weakened British control and built national consciousness.
Revolutionary movement
ran parallel to Gandhian methods. Bhagat Singh, Chandrashekhar Azad, and Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose believed armed resistance was necessary.
Communal politics and Partition
emerged from the Muslim League's demand for separate electorate (1906) culminating in the Two-Nation Theory and Pakistan demand (1940 Lahore Resolution).
Transfer of Power (1947)
happened under the Mountbatten Plan, leading to independence on 15 August 1947 but also tragic Partition and communal violence.
1857
Event: First War of Independence · Key Person/Detail: Mangal Pandey (Barrackpore), Rani Laxmibai, Tantia Tope
1885
Event: INC Founded · Key Person/Detail: A.O. Hume, Bombay, W.C. Bonnerjee (1st President)
1905
Event: Partition of Bengal · Key Person/Detail: Lord Curzon; Swadeshi Movement begins
1906
Event: Muslim League formed · Key Person/Detail: Dhaka; Aga Khan
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Indian Geography — General Knowledge & Current Affairs · 12 cards
India's Location
Lies entirely in the Northern Hemisphere; extends from 8°4'N to 37°6'N latitude and 68°7'E to 97°25'E longitude. Tropic of Cancer (23°30'N) passes through 8 states.
Physiographic Divisions
India has 6 major divisions — (1) The Himalayas, (2) Indo-Gangetic Plain, (3) Peninsular Plateau, (4) Coastal Plains, (5) Thar Desert, (6) Islands (Andaman-Nicobar and Lakshadweep).
Himalayan System
Three parallel ranges — Himadri (Greater Himalaya, includes Everest, Kanchenjunga; K2 is in the Karakoram, not the Himadri), Himachal (Lesser Himalaya, includes Pir Panjal, Dhauladhar), and Shiwaliks (Outer Himalaya, youngest).
River Systems
Himalayan rivers are perennial (snow-fed + rain-fed); Peninsular rivers are rain-fed and seasonal. Ganga system drains the largest area in India.
Monsoon Mechanism
Southwest Monsoon (June–September) brings 75% of India's rainfall. Northeast Monsoon (October–December) affects Tamil Nadu coast.
Soil Types
Alluvial (most fertile, Indo-Gangetic plain), Black/Regur (cotton, Deccan), Red (Odisha, Chhattisgarh), Laterite (heavy rainfall areas, Kerala, Karnataka).
Agriculture Zones
India is divided into Kharif (monsoon crops — rice, jowar, cotton), Rabi (winter crops — wheat, gram, mustard), and Zaid (summer crops — watermelon, cucumber) seasons.
Mineral Belts
Chotanagpur Plateau is the mineral heartland (coal, iron ore, mica). Rajasthan leads in zinc and lead; Odisha in chromite.
Total Area
32.87 lakh sq km (7th largest country)
Total States & UTs
28 States + 8 Union Territories
Longest River
Ganga (2525 km in India)
Largest River by Drainage
Ganga basin
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Indian Polity & Constitution — General Knowledge & Current Affairs · 12 cards
The Constitution is the supreme law of India.
All laws, government actions, and citizens are subject to it. Any law contradicting the Constitution can be struck down by courts.
The Preamble declares India a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic Republic.
"Socialist" and "Secular" were added by the 42nd Amendment (1976). The Preamble is the soul of the Constitution.
Fundamental Rights (Part III, Articles 12–35) are justiciable.
Citizens can approach courts if these rights are violated. There are six categories after the 44th Amendment abolished the Right to Property as a fundamental right.
Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV, Articles 36–51) are non-justiciable.
These are guidelines for the government to create a welfare state but cannot be enforced in courts.
Fundamental Duties (Part IV-A, Article 51A) were added by the 42nd Amendment.
Originally 10 duties, now 11 after the 86th Amendment added duty to provide education to children.
India follows a Parliamentary system with a federal structure.
The Centre is stronger than states, hence it is called "quasi-federal" or "federation with unitary bias."
Separation of powers exists among Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary.
Parliament makes laws, the Executive implements them, and the Judiciary interprets and protects the Constitution.
The Supreme Court is the guardian of the Constitution.
It has original, appellate, and advisory jurisdiction. The High Courts function at the state level with similar powers.
Constitution adopted
26 November 1949
Constitution enforced
26 January 1950 (Republic Day)
Total Articles originally
395 (currently 470+)
Drafting Committee Chairman
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
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Indian Economy — General Knowledge & Current Affairs · 12 cards
GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
measures the total monetary value of all goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific period. India uses GDP at market prices as the primary measure.
Inflation
is the sustained increase in the general price level. RBI targets inflation at 4% (with ±2% tolerance band). High inflation reduces purchasing power of money.
Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
is India's central bank, established in 1935, headquartered in Mumbai. It controls monetary policy, issues currency, and regulates banks.
Fiscal Policy
refers to government's tax and spending decisions (handled by Finance Ministry), while Monetary Policy refers to money supply and interest rate decisions (handled by RBI).
GST (Goods and Services Tax)
is a unified indirect tax replacing multiple central and state taxes, implemented from 1 July 2017. It has slabs of 0%, 5%, 12%, 18%, and 28%.
NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development)
is the apex institution for rural credit and agricultural financing in India.
Green Revolution
(1960s-70s) transformed India from food-deficit to food-surplus through high-yielding variety seeds, irrigation, and fertilizers—primarily for wheat and rice.
Union Budget
is the annual financial statement presented by the Finance Minister in Parliament, typically on 1 February.
RBI
Established: 1935 · Headquarters: Mumbai · Key Role: Central bank, currency issuer
SBI
Established: 1955 · Headquarters: Mumbai · Key Role: Largest public sector bank
NABARD
Established: 1982 · Headquarters: Mumbai · Key Role: Rural and agricultural credit
SEBI
Established: 1992 · Headquarters: Mumbai · Key Role: Stock market regulator
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General Science — General Knowledge & Current Affairs · 12 cards
Newton's Laws of Motion
First law (inertia), second law (F = ma), third law (action-reaction). Every motion question traces back here.
Work, Energy, Power
Work = Force × Distance. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed. Power = Work / Time.
Light
Travels in straight lines, reflects (mirror), refracts (lens). White light splits into VIBGYOR via a prism.
Sound
Needs a medium; cannot travel in vacuum. Speed in air ≈ 343 m/s. Echoes need minimum 17 m distance.
Electricity
Current (I) = Charge / Time. Ohm's Law: V = I × R. Series vs parallel circuits.
Atoms & Molecules
Atom is the smallest particle retaining element identity. Molecule is two or more atoms bonded.
Acids, Bases, Salts
Acids taste sour, turn blue litmus red; bases taste bitter, turn red litmus blue. pH 7 = neutral.
Metals vs Non-metals
Metals are lustrous, good conductors, malleable. Non-metals are brittle, poor conductors.
Chemical Reactions
Combination, decomposition, displacement, double displacement, oxidation-reduction (redox).
Cell
Basic unit of life. Plant cells have cell wall; animal cells do not. Mitochondria = powerhouse.
Human Body Systems
Digestive, respiratory, circulatory, nervous, excretory — know one key organ and function for each.
Diseases
Differentiate bacterial (typhoid, TB), viral (COVID, dengue), and deficiency diseases (scurvy, rickets).
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Science & Technology — General Knowledge & Current Affairs · 12 cards
ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation)
is India's primary space agency, headquartered in Bengaluru. It handles satellite launches, interplanetary missions, and commercial launch services through Antrix and NSIL.
DRDO (Defence Research and Development Organisation)
develops military hardware — missiles, radars, combat aircraft, and defence systems for Indian armed forces.
Chandrayaan and Mangalyaan
are India's Moon and Mars exploration programmes respectively. Chandrayaan-3 (2023) made India the first country to land near the lunar south pole.
Digital India
is a flagship programme launched in 2015 to transform India into a digitally empowered society — includes Aadhaar, UPI, DigiLocker, and BharatNet.
Biotechnology
applies biology to develop products — vaccines, GM crops, biofuels. DBT (Department of Biotechnology) is the nodal department, under the Ministry of Science and Technology.
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
refers to machines performing tasks requiring human intelligence — speech recognition, decision-making, image analysis.
5G Technology
is the fifth-generation mobile network offering higher speed, lower latency, and massive device connectivity. India launched 5G services in October 2022.
Quantum Computing
uses quantum bits (qubits) instead of classical bits, enabling exponentially faster computation for specific problems.
Aryabhata
Year: 1975 · Significance: India's first satellite
Chandrayaan-1
Year: 2008 · Significance: Discovered water molecules on Moon
Mangalyaan (MOM)
Year: 2014 · Significance: India's first Mars mission; first country to succeed in maiden attempt
Chandrayaan-2
Year: 2019 · Significance: Orbiter successful; Vikram lander crashed
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Sports — General Knowledge & Current Affairs · 12 cards
Cricket dominance
ICC tournaments (World Cup, T20 World Cup, Champions Trophy), IPL, and India's Test/ODI/T20 rankings may appear. Know current captain, coach, and recent series winners.
Olympic and Paralympic glory
India's medal tally at Tokyo 2020 and Paris 2024 Olympics is important to know. Remember Neeraj Chopra (javelin gold), PV Sindhu, Mirabai Chanu, and wrestling medallists.
Hockey's heritage
Hockey is India's national game by convention. Know Major Dhyan Chand (birthday = National Sports Day, 29 August), Hockey World Cup hosts, and FIH rankings.
Governing bodies matter
Each sport has a national and international body — BCCI (cricket), Hockey India, AIFF (football), BAI (badminton), WFI (wrestling). International: ICC, FIFA, FIH, BWF, etc.
Khelo India and sports schemes
Government initiatives like Khelo India Youth Games, Target Olympic Podium Scheme (TOPS), and Fit India Movement appear in GK sections.
Maharashtra connection
Expect questions on Maharashtra-origin players — Sachin Tendulkar, Rohit Sharma, Dhanraj Pillay, and state-level tournaments.
Commonwealth and Asian Games
India's performance, host cities, and mascots are tested. Know recent editions and medal counts.
Sports awards
Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna (now Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna), Arjuna Award, Dronacharya Award (coaches), and recent recipients.
National Sports Day
29 August (Major Dhyan Chand's birthday)
Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna
Renamed Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award (2021); highest sporting honour
Arjuna Award
For consistent outstanding performance over 4 years
Dronacharya Award
For excellence in coaching
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Awards & Honours — General Knowledge & Current Affairs · 12 cards
Bharat Ratna
is India's highest civilian award, with a ceiling of three awards in a year (exceeded in 1999 and 2024). It recognises exceptional service in any field, including art, literature, science, and public service. Any person is eligible, without distinction of race, occupation, position or sex.
Padma Awards
form a three-tier hierarchy: Padma Vibhushan (exceptional and distinguished service), Padma Bhushan (distinguished service of high order), and Padma Shri (distinguished service). Announced on Republic Day eve (25th January).
Gallantry Awards
are divided into wartime (Param Vir Chakra → Maha Vir Chakra → Vir Chakra) and peacetime (Ashoka Chakra → Kirti Chakra → Shaurya Chakra). PVC is the highest wartime honour.
Nobel Prize
is awarded in six categories: Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature, Peace, and Economics. Awarded in Stockholm (Sweden), except Peace Prize in Oslo (Norway).
National Sports Awards
include Khel Ratna (highest sports honour, renamed Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna), Arjuna Award, Dronacharya Award (coaches), and Dhyan Chand Award (lifetime achievement).
Jnanpith Award
is India's highest literary award, given for outstanding contribution to Indian literature in any of the scheduled languages.
Dadasaheb Phalke Award
is the highest award in Indian cinema, presented annually at the National Film Awards.
Shiv Chhatrapati Award
is Maharashtra's highest sports honour, given by the state government to sportspersons and coaches.
Param Vir Chakra
Given By: President of India · Field: Wartime gallantry · Key Fact: Highest wartime honour; 21 recipients till date; most awarded posthumously
Ashoka Chakra
Given By: President of India · Field: Peacetime gallantry · Key Fact: Highest peacetime gallantry; ranks just below PVC in precedence
Khel Ratna
Given By: Ministry of Sports · Field: Sports · Key Fact: Renamed Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna in 2021; first recipient: Viswanathan Anand (1991–92)
Arjuna Award
Given By: Ministry of Sports · Field: Sports · Key Fact: Started in 1961; recognises outstanding performance over four years
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Literature & Culture — General Knowledge & Current Affairs · 12 cards
Vedic Literature
Oldest Indian literature comprising four Vedas (Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, Atharvaveda), Upanishads, Brahmanas, and Aranyakas — all composed in Sanskrit.
Epics (Itihasas)
Ramayana by Valmiki and Mahabharata by Vyasa are foundational texts; Bhagavad Gita is part of Mahabharata.
Classical Sanskrit Literature
Kalidasa (Shakuntala, Meghadutam), Bhasa, Shudraka (Mrichchhakatika), Banabhatta (Harshacharita, Kadambari) represent the golden age.
Sangam Literature
Ancient Tamil literature (300 BCE–300 CE) comprising Ettuthogai and Pattuppattu; Thirukkural by Thiruvalluvar is a celebrated ethical text.
Bhakti and Sant Literature
Devotional poetry across languages — Kabir, Tulsidas (Ramcharitmanas), Surdas, Meerabai in Hindi; Dnyaneshwar, Tukaram, Namdev in Marathi.
Classical Dance Forms
Eight forms recognised by Sangeet Natak Akademi — Bharatanatyam, Kathak, Kathakali, Kuchipudi, Odissi, Manipuri, Mohiniyattam, Sattriya.
Classical Music
Two traditions — Hindustani (North) and Carnatic (South); raga and tala form the foundation.
Folk Traditions of Maharashtra
Lavani, Tamasha, Powada, Gondhal, Bharud are distinct performance traditions.
Oldest Veda
Rigveda (contains 1028 hymns/suktas)
First Sanskrit Drama
Swapnavasavadattam by Bhasa
Father of Sanskrit Drama
Bhasa
Shakespeare of India
Kalidasa
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Current Affairs — General Knowledge & Current Affairs · 12 cards
Government Schemes & Policies
New welfare programmes, amendments to existing schemes, and flagship initiatives (PM Vishwakarma, Ladli Behna, Namo Shetkari, etc.) may be tested.
Appointments & Resignations
Key positions — President, Governors, Chief Justices, Election Commissioners, CAG, service chiefs, and heads of international bodies.
Awards & Honours
Bharat Ratna, Padma awards, Sahitya Akademi, international prizes (Nobel, Booker, Oscar), and sports awards (Khel Ratna, Arjuna).
Defence & Security
New missiles, ships, aircraft inducted; joint military exercises with names and partner countries; border-related developments.
International Summits
G20, BRICS, SCO, ASEAN, COP climate conferences — host country, theme, key outcomes, India's role.
Sports Events
Cricket World Cups, Asian Games, Commonwealth Games, Olympics — winners, hosts, Indian medal tally, record-breakers.
Science & Space
ISRO missions (Chandrayaan-3, Aditya-L1, Gaganyaan updates), NASA/ESA collaborations, indigenous technology achievements.
Maharashtra-Specific News
State government schemes, new districts/talukas, major infrastructure projects, state awards, and appointments of Governor/CM.
G20 Summit 2023
Hosted by India (New Delhi, September 2023); Theme: "Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam"; African Union granted permanent membership
Chandrayaan-3
Soft landing near Moon's south pole (23 August 2023); Vikram lander, Pragyan rover; India became 4th country to land on Moon
Aditya-L1
India's first solar observatory mission; launched September 2023; reached L1 point January 2024
Bharat Ratna 2024
Awarded to Karpoori Thakur (posthumous), LK Advani, PV Narasimha Rao (posthumous), Chaudhary Charan Singh (posthumous), MS Swaminathan (posthumous)
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Computer Knowledge — General Knowledge & Current Affairs · 12 cards
Hardware vs Software
Hardware is physical (keyboard, monitor, CPU); software is programs/instructions (Windows, MS Word). Hardware you can touch, software you cannot.
Input-Process-Output Model
Computer takes input (keyboard, mouse), processes it (CPU), and gives output (monitor, printer). This is the fundamental working cycle.
Primary vs Secondary Memory
RAM is primary (temporary, fast, volatile); Hard Disk/SSD is secondary (permanent, slower, non-volatile). RAM loses data when power is off.
Operating System (OS)
Software that manages hardware and runs other programs. Examples: Windows, Linux, macOS, Android. Without OS, computer cannot function.
Application Software
Programs for specific tasks—MS Word for documents, Excel for calculations, Chrome for browsing. Different from system software.
Internet vs Intranet
Internet is global public network; Intranet is private network within an organisation. Both use similar technology but differ in access.
Computer Generations
Evolution from vacuum tubes (1st) → transistors (2nd) → ICs (3rd) → microprocessors (4th) → AI-based (5th).
Binary System
Computers use 0 and 1 (binary/machine language). All data—text, images, video—is ultimately stored as binary.
CPU
Central Processing Unit — "brain" of computer
RAM
Random Access Memory — temporary working memory
ROM
Read Only Memory — permanent, stores startup instructions
HDD
Hard Disk Drive — magnetic storage
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Maharashtra History — General Knowledge & Current Affairs · 12 cards
Shivaji Maharaj as State Builder
Not just a warrior but an administrator who created Ashtapradhan (council of eight ministers), built a navy, and established Swarajya based on Hindu-Pad-Padshahi.
Guerrilla Warfare (Ganimi Kava)
Shivaji's signature military tactic using knowledge of Sahyadri terrain, swift cavalry raids, and strategic fort placements rather than pitched battles against larger Mughal armies.
Maratha Confederacy under Peshwas
After Shahu's death (1749), real power shifted to Peshwas at Pune; the empire expanded but became a loose confederacy of chiefs (Holkars, Scindias, Bhosles, Gaekwads).
Third Battle of Panipat (1761)
The catastrophic defeat against Ahmad Shah Abdali that ended Maratha dreams of Delhi dominance; marked the beginning of Maratha decline.
British Conquest through Three Anglo-Maratha Wars
Systematic dismantling of Maratha power — Treaty of Bassein (1802) and final Peshwa defeat (1818) brought Maharashtra under British control.
Maharashtra's Freedom Fighters
The state produced revolutionaries (Savarkar, Chaphekar brothers), moderates (Gokhale), extremists (Tilak), and social reformers (Phule, Agarkar) who shaped national resistance.
1857 Uprising in Maharashtra
Limited but significant — Rani Lakshmibai's Jhansi connections, risings at Satara, and role of Nana Saheb (adopted son of last Peshwa Baji Rao II).
Shivaji's Birth
19 February 1630, Shivneri Fort
Shivaji's Coronation
6 June 1674, Raigad Fort; title — Chhatrapati
Ashtapradhan Ministers
Peshwa (PM), Amatya (Finance), Mantri (Records), Sachiv (Correspondence), Sumant (Foreign), Senapati (Army), Nyayadhish (Justice), Panditrao (Religion)
First Peshwa
Moropant Pingle (under Shivaji)
Powerful Peshwas
Balaji Vishwanath, Baji Rao I, Balaji Baji Rao (Nanasaheb)
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Maharashtra & Freedom Movement — General Knowledge & Current Affairs · 5 cards
Lokmanya Tilak
transformed the freedom movement from an elite petition-based affair into a mass movement. He believed political freedom (Swaraj) must come before social reform.
Veer Savarkar
pioneered armed revolutionary nationalism and coined the term "Hindutva." His 1857 book reframed the Revolt as India's First War of Independence.
Mahatma Jyotirao Phule
was a social reformer first—he fought caste discrimination and opened India's first school for girls and lower castes before the political freedom movement gained momentum.
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
linked freedom with social justice; true independence meant annihilation of caste. He became the chief architect of India's Constitution.
Mahatma Phule
Birth – Death: 1827–1890 · Birthplace: Pune (Satara origin) · Famous Slogan / Statement: "Vidya bina mati geli" (Without education, wisdom is lost)
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Maharashtra Geography — General Knowledge & Current Affairs · 11 cards
Sahyadri Range (Western Ghats)
runs north-south along Maharashtra's western edge, forming a natural barrier between the Konkan coast and the Deccan Plateau. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and the source of most peninsular rivers.
Three Natural Divisions
Maharashtra has three distinct regions — Konkan (coastal strip), Western Ghats (Sahyadri), and Deccan Plateau (including Vidarbha and Marathwada).
River Systems
Most rivers flow west-to-east (Arabian Sea to Bay of Bengal catchment) because the Sahyadri acts as the water divide. The Tapi and short, swift Konkan rivers flow westward into the Arabian Sea.
Monsoon-Dependent Climate
Maharashtra receives southwest monsoon rainfall (June–September). Western Ghats receive heavy rainfall; eastern regions face rain-shadow effect.
36 Districts
As of 2024, Maharashtra has 36 districts grouped under 6 revenue divisions — Konkan, Pune, Nashik, Aurangabad, Amravati, and Nagpur.
Agricultural Diversity
Different regions specialise in different crops based on soil type and rainfall — cotton in Vidarbha, sugarcane in Western Maharashtra, rice in Konkan.
Black Soil (Regur)
The Deccan Plateau is covered with black cotton soil, ideal for cotton and jowar cultivation, formed from basaltic lava.
Highest Peak
Kalsubai (1,646 m) in Ahmednagar district
Other Major Peaks
Salher (1,567 m), Mahabaleshwar (1,438 m), Harishchandragad (1,424 m)
Hill Stations
Mahabaleshwar, Panchgani, Matheran, Lonavala-Khandala, Amboli
Important Passes (Ghats)
Thal Ghat, Bor Ghat, Amba Ghat, Phonda Ghat, Malshej Ghat
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Maharashtra Polity & Administration — General Knowledge & Current Affairs · 12 cards
Governor of Maharashtra
Constitutional head appointed by the President of India for a 5-year term. Current Governor: C.P. Radhakrishnan (as of 2024). Address is Raj Bhavan, Mumbai. Governor summons and prorogues the State Legislature and dissolves the Legislative Assembly (the Legislative Council cannot be dissolved).
Chief Minister & Council of Ministers
Real executive power lies with the CM, who is the leader of the majority party in the Legislative Assembly. The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Vidhan Sabha.
Maharashtra Legislature (Bicameral)
Two houses: Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) with 288 elected members and Vidhan Parishad (Legislative Council) with 78 members. Maharashtra is one of only 6 states with a Legislative Council.
Bombay High Court
Principal seat in Mumbai; benches at Nagpur, Aurangabad, and Goa (Panaji). Headed by the Chief Justice. High Court has writ jurisdiction under Article 226.
District Administration
Maharashtra has 36 districts grouped into 6 revenue divisions (Konkan, Pune, Nashik, Aurangabad, Amravati, Nagpur). District Collector (DC) / District Magistrate (DM) is the chief administrative officer of a district.
Three-Tier Panchayati Raj
Village level: Gram Panchayat. Block level: Panchayat Samiti. District level: Zilla Parishad. Elections conducted by Maharashtra State Election Commission.
Urban Local Bodies
Municipal Corporations (Mahanagar Palika) for large cities, Municipal Councils (Nagar Parishad) for smaller towns, Nagar Panchayats for transitional areas.
Key Constitutional Articles for States
Article 153 (Governor), Article 163 (Council of Ministers), Article 170 (Composition of Legislative Assembly), Article 171 (Legislative Council).
Revenue Divisions
6 (Konkan, Pune, Nashik, Aurangabad/Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar, Amravati, Nagpur)
Vidhan Sabha Seats
288
State Capital
Mumbai (Second/winter capital: Nagpur, where the winter session is held)
First CM of Maharashtra
Yashwantrao Chavan (1 May 1960)
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Maharashtra Culture & Festivals — General Knowledge & Current Affairs · 12 cards
Lavani
is a traditional folk dance-music form combining powerful rhythms, expressive dance, and romantic or social commentary themes. It originated in the Maratha period and is performed primarily by women artists.
Tamasha
is Maharashtra's most popular folk theatre form, combining dance, music, drama, and humour. It evolved from the 16th century and includes segments like Gan, Gaulan, and Vag.
Ganesh Utsav
(Ganeshotsav) is the 10-day public celebration of Lord Ganesha, transformed into a community festival by Lokmanya Tilak in 1893 to unite people during the freedom struggle.
Warkari Sampraday
is a devotional tradition centered on Lord Vitthal (Vithoba) of Pandharpur. Followers undertake the annual Pandharpur Wari pilgrimage, carrying palkhis (palanquins) of saints.
Dindi
is the group of devotees walking together during the Wari, singing abhangas (devotional songs) composed by saint-poets.
Powada
is a ballad form that narrates heroic tales, especially of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj and Maratha warriors — closely linked to Shahir tradition.
The Bhakti movement saints
(Dnyaneshwar, Tukaram, Namdev, Eknath) are the spiritual backbone of Warkari tradition and Maharashtra's cultural identity.
Lavani origin
Developed during the Maratha Empire (17th–18th century); associated with Peshwa court entertainment
Lavani instrument
Dholki (two-headed drum) is the primary percussion instrument
Lavani types
Two forms — Nirguni (philosophical) and Shringari (romantic/erotic)
Tamasha origin
16th century; influenced by Gondhal and Kirtan traditions
Tamasha structure
Gan (invocation) → Gaulan (playful songs) → Vag (main dramatic act)
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Prominent Maharashtra Personalities — General Knowledge & Current Affairs · 12 cards
Warkari Sampradaya
forms the spiritual backbone of Maharashtra — Sant Dnyaneshwar, Sant Tukaram, Sant Namdev, and Sant Eknath are its pillars, all promoting Bhakti through Marathi abhangas.
19th-century social reform
in Maharashtra was led by Mahatma Phule (caste discrimination, women's education) and Gopal Ganesh Agarkar (widow remarriage, rationalism), laying groundwork for later movements.
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
represents the culmination of anti-caste struggle — he was a constitutional architect first, Maharashtra icon second; know both dimensions.
Lokmanya Tilak
symbolises the "extremist" phase of freedom struggle — his newspapers, Ganesh Utsav revival, and "Swaraj is my birthright" define his legacy.
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
is the foundational figure — military strategy (guerrilla warfare), administration (Ashtapradhan), and coronation (1674) are must-know facts.
Modern sports personalities
from Maharashtra — Sachin Tendulkar (cricket) and Maharashtrian Olympians like Khashaba Jadhav (wrestling bronze, 1952) are tested.
Literary figures
like V.S. Khandekar (Jnanpith Award, 1974 for "Yayati") and P.L. Deshpande represent Marathi cultural contributions beyond politics.
Sant Dnyaneshwar
Birth Year: 1275 · Birthplace: Apegaon (Paithan) · Key Contribution: Wrote Dnyaneshwari (commentary on Bhagavad Gita in Marathi)
Sant Tukaram
Birth Year: 1608 · Birthplace: Dehu · Key Contribution: Composed Abhanga Gatha; met Shivaji Maharaj
Sant Namdev
Birth Year: 1270 · Birthplace: Narsi Bamani · Key Contribution: Bhakti poet; verses included in Guru Granth Sahib
Sant Eknath
Birth Year: 1533 · Birthplace: Paithan · Key Contribution: Wrote Eknathi Bhagwat; opposed untouchability
Mahatma Jyotirao Phule
Birth Year: 1827 · Birthplace: Pune · Key Contribution: Founded Satyashodhak Samaj (1873); first girls' school (1848)
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Verbal Reasoning — Intellectual Test (Reasoning) · 12 cards
Statement
A sentence presenting a fact, opinion, or situation that serves as the basis for reasoning. Always assume the statement is true, even if it contradicts common knowledge.
Conclusion
A judgement or inference drawn from the given statement. A valid conclusion must logically follow from the statement without requiring additional assumptions.
Assumption
An unstated belief that must be true for the statement to hold. Think of it as the hidden foundation supporting the argument.
Implicit vs Explicit
Explicit information is directly stated; implicit information is understood but not written. Verbal reasoning tests your grasp of implicit content.
Necessary Condition
Something that must exist for something else to occur. If A is necessary for B, then without A, B cannot happen.
Sufficient Condition
Something that guarantees an outcome. If A is sufficient for B, then whenever A occurs, B definitely occurs.
Scope of Statement
Never extend the meaning beyond what is stated. "Some students" does not mean "all students" or "most students."
Negation Test for Assumptions
If negating a statement destroys the argument's logic, that statement is a valid assumption.
Conclusions
Must be 100% derivable from statement; no outside knowledge needed
Assumptions
Must be implicit (not stated) and necessary for the statement
"Some"
Means "at least one" — could be one, many, or all
"All"
Means every single member without exception
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Non-Verbal Reasoning — Intellectual Test (Reasoning) · 7 cards
Figural Series
A sequence of figures following a pattern (rotation, addition/deletion of elements, shading changes). Your task is to identify what comes next or which figure breaks the pattern.
Mirror Image
The reflection of a figure as seen in a mirror placed beside it. Left becomes right and right becomes left, but top-bottom orientation remains unchanged.
Water Image
The reflection as seen in water below the figure. Top becomes bottom and bottom becomes top, while left-right remains same. Don't confuse with mirror image.
Paper Folding
A paper is folded one or more times, then punched/cut. You must predict how the unfolded paper looks by mentally reversing each fold.
Embedded Figures
A small figure is hidden within a complex larger figure. You must identify exactly where and how the smaller figure fits inside.
Rotation vs Reflection
Rotation keeps the figure's orientation intact (just turned). Reflection flips the figure creating its reverse version.
Element Counting
Many series questions require counting sides, dots, lines, or shapes to find the numerical pattern.
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Coding-Decoding — Intellectual Test (Reasoning) · 8 cards
Letter Position Awareness
Know that A=1, B=2, C=3... Z=26. This is fundamental—many codes add or subtract from these positions.
Forward and Backward Shifts
The most common pattern. Each letter moves a fixed number of positions (e.g., A→C means +2 shift). Shifts can be uniform or variable (first letter +1, second letter +2, etc.).
Reverse Coding
The word is simply written backward, or each letter is replaced by its opposite (A↔Z, B↔Y, C↔X). Opposite letter formula: Position of opposite = 27 – original position.
Number-for-Letter Substitution
Letters replaced by their position numbers, sometimes with operations (A=1, B=2 or A=2, B=4 for doubled values).
Symbol Coding
Letters or groups replaced by symbols (@, #, *, etc.) following a consistent rule within the question set.
Conditional Coding
Different rules apply based on conditions—vowels coded one way, consonants another; or first/last letters treated differently.
Mixed/Complex Coding
Combines multiple patterns—reverse + shift, or positional coding with symbol insertion.
Fictitious Language Coding
A statement in code is given; you decode meaning by comparing multiple coded sentences to find word-to-code mappings.
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Syllogism — Intellectual Test (Reasoning) · 12 cards
Premise (Statement)
A given sentence assumed to be absolutely true. Example: "All dogs are animals."
Conclusion
A new statement that may or may not logically follow from the premises. You must verify using rules.
Universal Affirmative (A-type)
"All X are Y" — entire X is inside Y.
Universal Negative (E-type)
"No X is Y" — X and Y have zero overlap.
Particular Affirmative (I-type)
"Some X are Y" — at least one X is inside Y.
Particular Negative (O-type)
"Some X are not Y" — at least one X is outside Y.
Definite Conclusion
Follows in every possible Venn diagram that satisfies the premises.
Possibility-based Conclusion
"Some X may be Y" can be true if there is no direct contradiction — possible when no definite link exists.
A (All X are Y)
Standard Form: Universal Affirmative · Venn Diagram Idea: X circle fully inside Y circle
E (No X is Y)
Standard Form: Universal Negative · Venn Diagram Idea: X and Y circles completely separate
I (Some X are Y)
Standard Form: Particular Affirmative · Venn Diagram Idea: X and Y circles overlap partially
O (Some X are not Y)
Standard Form: Particular Negative · Venn Diagram Idea: Part of X is outside Y
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Blood Relations — Intellectual Test (Reasoning) · 12 cards
Generation Levels
Each horizontal level in a family tree represents one generation — grandparents at top, parents in middle, children at bottom. Moving up = older generation, moving down = younger generation.
Paternal vs Maternal
Paternal relations are from father's side (father's brother = chacha/kaka). Maternal relations are from mother's side (mother's brother = mama).
In-laws vs Blood Relations
Spouse's relatives are in-laws (sasur, saas), not blood relations. Questions may mix both — identify carefully.
Cousin Relationships
Father's or mother's sibling's children are cousins (first cousins). They belong to the same generation as you.
Only Child Indicator
When the question says "A is the only son/daughter of B", it means B has no other child of that gender. B may still have children of the opposite gender.
Gender Indicators
Words like son, brother, father, uncle, nephew indicate male. Words like daughter, sister, mother, aunt, niece indicate female. "Child" or "sibling" are gender-neutral — read context carefully.
Spouse Relationship
Husband-wife are connected horizontally at the same generation level. Their parents become in-laws to each other.
Father's father
Grandfather (Ajoba)
Father's mother
Grandmother (Aaji)
Father's brother
Uncle (Kaka/Chacha)
Father's sister
Aunt (Aatya/Bua)
Mother's brother
Uncle (Mama)
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Classification — Intellectual Test (Reasoning) · 7 cards
Classification principle
All but one of the four or five items share a common property; exactly one item lacks that property and is the "odd one out."
Verbal classification
Words grouped by meaning (fruits, metals, rivers), grammatical category (verbs vs nouns), origin, or thematic relation.
Numerical classification
Numbers grouped by mathematical property—prime, even, odd, perfect square, divisible by a certain number, or following a pattern.
Letter/Alphabet classification
Letters grouped by position (vowels, consonants), position in alphabet (odd/even positions), or pattern in letter codes.
Figural classification
Shapes grouped by number of sides, open/closed figures, shading, rotation direction, or presence of specific elements.
Multiple properties
Sometimes items share more than one property; identify the most specific or most obvious common link.
Elimination approach
When stuck, check each option against the others and count how many share a particular feature.
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Alphabet Series — Intellectual Test (Reasoning) · 10 cards
Letter Position Numbering
Every letter has a fixed position — A=1, B=2, C=3... L=12, M=13, N=14... Z=26. This is the foundation for all alphabet series problems.
Forward and Backward Movement
Series can move forward (A→B→C) or backward (Z→Y→X). The direction determines whether you add or subtract from position values.
Constant Gap Pattern
Most series maintain a fixed gap between letters. Example: A, D, G, J (gap of +3 each time).
Variable Gap Pattern
Some series have increasing or decreasing gaps. Example: A, B, D, G, K (gaps of +1, +2, +3, +4).
Opposite Letter Concept
Letters equidistant from both ends are called opposite letters. A↔Z, B↔Y, C↔X, etc. Their positions always sum to 27.
Alphabet Midpoint
M=13 and N=14 are the middle letters. Useful for quick calculations — letters after M have positions = 13 + distance from M.
Mixed Patterns
Some series combine letters with numbers or alternate between different rules for odd and even positions.
E=5, J=10, O=15, T=20
Multiples of 5 — quick anchors
M=13, N=14
Midpoint reference
Position of letter + Position of opposite = 27
Finding opposite letters
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Word Arrangement — Intellectual Test (Reasoning) · 7 cards
Dictionary Order Principle
Words are arranged exactly as in a dictionary—compare letter by letter from left to right. The word with the "earlier" letter at the first point of difference comes first.
Letter-by-Letter Comparison
When first letters are identical, move to the second letter. Continue this process until you find a difference. Example: "BANK" comes before "BEST" because A < E at position 2.
Shorter Word Priority
If one word is a prefix of another, the shorter word comes first. Example: "CAR" comes before "CARD" in dictionary order.
Alphabet Position Awareness
Know positions instantly—A=1, B=2... Z=26. Middle reference: M=13, N=14. This helps in quick comparison.
Meaningful Word Formation
Rearrange given jumbled letters to form a valid English word. Only one meaningful word is usually possible from the given letters.
Vowel-Consonant Pattern
Most English words follow consonant-vowel patterns. Use this to quickly identify likely arrangements when forming words.
Position Counting
After forming a word, questions ask for the letter at a specific position (from left or right). Count carefully—mistakes here lose easy marks.
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Sentence Arrangement — Intellectual Test (Reasoning) · 12 cards
Opening Sentence Identification
The first sentence introduces a new idea, defines a term, or presents a general statement. It never begins with pronouns like "He/She/They/It" or connectors like "But/However/Therefore."
Closing Sentence Identification
The last sentence summarizes, concludes, or presents a final outcome. Words like "Thus," "Finally," "Hence," "Therefore" often signal conclusions.
Pronoun-Antecedent Link
If a sentence contains "He," "She," "It," "They," "This," "That," the preceding sentence must introduce the noun these pronouns refer to.
Chronological Flow
Events follow time sequence—past before present, cause before effect, action before result.
Mandatory Pairs
Some sentences are inseparable—one defines a term, the next explains it; one states a fact, the next gives an example.
Transition Words as Clues
Words like "However" (contrast), "Moreover/Furthermore" (addition), "Therefore/Hence" (conclusion), "For example" (illustration) indicate sentence position.
Article Usage
"A/An" introduces something new; "The" refers to something already mentioned. This helps determine sequence.
Logical Continuity
Ideas must flow naturally—problem → solution, question → answer, claim → evidence.
Introduction
Indicator Words: "In general," "It is known that," Names, Definitions · Position Hint: Usually first
Addition
Indicator Words: "Moreover," "Furthermore," "Also," "Besides" · Position Hint: Middle sentences
Contrast
Indicator Words: "However," "But," "Nevertheless," "On the other hand" · Position Hint: After a positive/negative statement
Cause-Effect
Indicator Words: "Because," "Since," "As a result," "Consequently" · Position Hint: Effect follows cause
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Data Interpretation — Intellectual Test (Reasoning) · 8 cards
Table
Presents exact numerical data in rows and columns. Most precise but requires careful row-column matching. Always check units mentioned in headers.
Bar Graph
Compares quantities across categories or time periods. Height of each bar represents value. Can be vertical or horizontal; can show single or multiple data series (grouped/stacked bars).
Pie Chart
Shows parts of a whole as slices of a circle. Total always equals 100% or 360 degrees. Each slice's size represents proportion—useful for percentage-based questions.
Line Graph
Displays trends over time. Points connected by lines show increase, decrease, or stability. Slope steepness indicates rate of change.
Data Point Identification
Before any calculation, locate the exact numbers. For bar graphs, read the scale carefully. For pie charts, note whether values are given in percentages or degrees.
Percentage Change Formula
Change = [(New – Old) / Old] × 100. Positive result means increase; negative means decrease.
Ratio Extraction
To find ratio A:B, simply place the two values as A/B and simplify to lowest terms.
Average Calculation
Sum of all values divided by count of values. For weighted average, multiply each value by its weight before summing.
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Assertion & Reason — Intellectual Test (Reasoning) · 12 cards
Assertion (A)
is a statement of fact, observation, or claim that may be true or false. Think of it as "what is being said."
Reason (R)
is a statement meant to explain or justify the assertion. Think of it as "why it is being said."
Correct Explanation
means R provides the direct, logical cause for A — not just that both are true, but that R actually causes or explains A.
Independent Truths
occur when both A and R are true statements, but R talks about something unrelated to A — no cause-effect link exists.
False Assertion with True Reason
is possible — the explanation may be scientifically correct, but A itself is a wrong claim.
Both False
is also a valid answer option — never assume at least one must be true.
Partial Explanation
trap: R may seem related but only explains part of A or explains it indirectly — this is NOT a correct explanation.
(A)
Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
(B)
Both A and R are true, but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(C)
A is true, but R is false
(D)
A is false, but R is true
(E)
Both A and R are false
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Problem Solving — Intellectual Test (Reasoning) · 8 cards
Seating Arrangement
People sit around a circular table or in a linear row. You must determine each person's exact position and often their facing direction (inward/outward for circular; left-right orientation for linear).
Linear vs Circular
In linear arrangement, there are two ends; in circular, everyone has exactly two neighbours with no endpoints.
Ordering/Ranking
Arranging items or people based on a parameter—height, age, score, floor number, or sequence of events. Focus on relative positions (A is taller than B) rather than absolute values.
Grouping/Distribution
Assigning people to teams, departments, or categories based on given conditions. Often combined with additional attributes like gender, profession, or city.
Definite vs Comparative Clues
Definite clues fix a position ("Ramesh sits at the left end"). Comparative clues show relation ("Suresh sits to the right of Ramesh"). Always start with definite clues.
Immediate vs Non-immediate Neighbours
"A sits next to B" means adjacent. "A sits second to the left of B" means one person between them.
Negative Clues
"A does not sit adjacent to B" eliminates possibilities. Use these after placing definite positions.
Multiple Possibilities
Some puzzles have 2–3 valid arrangements until a later clue fixes the final one. Track all possibilities or you may miss the correct answer.
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Direction Test — Intellectual Test (Reasoning) · 7 cards
Eight Cardinal & Ordinal Directions
North (N), South (S), East (E), West (W) are cardinal. North-East (NE), North-West (NW), South-East (SE), South-West (SW) are ordinal/intermediate — positioned at 45° between cardinals.
Clockwise Turn Order
N → NE → E → SE → S → SW → W → NW → N. A 90° clockwise turn from North gives East; anticlockwise gives West.
Left and Right Depend on Current Facing
"Turn right" means 90° clockwise from your current direction; "turn left" means 90° anticlockwise. If facing South, turning right makes you face West.
Opposite Directions
N↔S, E↔W, NE↔SW, NW↔SE. If someone faces North and turns 180°, they now face South.
Shadow and Sun Rules
Morning sun rises in East, so shadow falls West. Evening sun sets in West, so shadow falls East. At noon (overhead sun), shadow is minimal/directly below.
Pythagoras for Straight-Line Distance
When movements form a right angle, final distance from start = √(horizontal² + vertical²).
Net Displacement Method
Add all North movements, subtract all South movements to get net vertical. Similarly for East-West to get net horizontal. Then apply Pythagoras.
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Number Series — Intellectual Test (Reasoning) · 12 cards
Constant Difference Series
Each term increases or decreases by the same fixed number (e.g., +5, +5, +5).
Increasing/Decreasing Difference Series
The difference itself grows or shrinks by a fixed amount (e.g., +2, +4, +6, +8).
Multiplication/Division Series
Each term is obtained by multiplying or dividing the previous term by a constant (e.g., ×2, ×2, ×2).
Square Series
Terms are perfect squares (1, 4, 9, 16, 25) or differences are squares.
Cube Series
Terms are perfect cubes (1, 8, 27, 64, 125) or differences are cubes.
Alternating Series
Two independent patterns interleaved at odd and even positions.
Mixed Operation Series
Pattern uses different operations in sequence (e.g., +2, ×3, +2, ×3).
Prime Number Series
Terms are consecutive prime numbers (2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13).
Arithmetic (AP)
How to Identify: Constant difference between consecutive terms · Example: 3, 7, 11, 15, 19 (diff = +4)
Geometric (GP)
How to Identify: Constant ratio between consecutive terms · Example: 2, 6, 18, 54 (ratio = ×3)
Difference of differences
How to Identify: First differences form their own AP · Example: 2, 3, 5, 8, 12 (diff = 1, 2, 3, 4)
Square-based
How to Identify: Terms near perfect squares · Example: 1, 4, 9, 16, 25
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