Padaprakaran (পদপ্রকরণ) — Parts of Speech in Bengali
Overview
Padaprakaran is the grammatical classification of words in Bengali based on their function and meaning in a sentence. Just as English has nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs, Bengali organises words into categories called **পদ (pad)**. This topic forms the backbone of Bengali grammar and appears consistently in WB TET Language I papers.
For the exam, you must identify different types of পদ from given sentences, understand their definitions and recognise their subtypes. Questions often present a sentence and ask you to pick out the bishesya, sarbanam or kriya. A solid grasp of padaprakaran also helps with related topics like bakya rachna (sentence construction) and ling-bachan (gender-number agreement).
Master the five major categories — bishesya, sarbanam, bisheshan, kriya and abyay — along with their common subtypes. The exam rewards candidates who can quickly classify words and explain why a word belongs to a particular category.
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Key Concepts
- **পদ (Pad)** — Any word that takes a meaningful place in a sentence. A শব্দ (word) becomes a পদ when it joins a sentence with a বিভক্তি (case ending) or প্রত্যয় (suffix).
- **বিশেষ্য (Bishesya / Noun)** — Names a person, place, thing, quality or action. Example: রাম, কলকাতা, বই, সুন্দরতা, পড়া।
- **সর্বনাম (Sarbanam / Pronoun)** — Replaces a bishesya to avoid repetition. Example: সে, তারা, আমি, এটা, কে।
- **বিশেষণ (Bisheshan / Adjective)** — Qualifies or describes a bishesya or sarbanam. Example: ভালো ছেলে, লাল ফুল।
- **ক্রিয়া (Kriya / Verb)** — Indicates action, state or occurrence. Example: খায়, যাচ্ছে, হয়েছে।
- **অব্যয় (Abyay / Indeclinable)** — Words that do not change form regardless of gender, number or case. Example: এবং, কিন্তু, আহা, ধীরে।
- **Subtype awareness** — Each major category has subtypes (e.g., bishesya has five subtypes; abyay has four). Exams frequently test these distinctions.
- **Context determines category** — The same word can be bishesya in one sentence and bisheshan in another. Always analyse the sentence role.
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Key Facts / Definitions
| পদ | Definition | Common Subtypes | |---|---|---| | **বিশেষ্য** | Names something | সংজ্ঞাবাচক, জাতিবাচক, সমষ্টিবাচক, বস্তুবাচক, ভাববাচক | | **সর্বনাম** | Stands in place of bishesya | ব্যক্তিবাচক, নির্দেশক, সাপেক্ষ, প্রশ্নবাচক, অনির্দেশক, আত্মবাচক | | **বিশেষণ** | Describes bishesya/sarbanam | নামবিশেষণ, ক্রিয়াবিশেষণ, বিশেষণের বিশেষণ | | **ক্রিয়া** | Shows action/state | সমাপিকা, অসমাপিকা; সকর্মক, অকর্মক | | **অব্যয়** | Unchanging words | সমুচ্চয়ী, অনুসর্গ, অনুকার, বাক্যালংকার |