Child Development and Pedagogy
Piaget's 4 Stages (Age Order) — S-P-C-F (Some People Can't Focus): Sensorimotor (0-2 years), Pre-operational (2-7 years), Concrete operational (7-11 years), Formal operational (11+ years).
Kohlberg's 3 Moral Levels — P-C-P (Pre-Conventional, Conventional, Post-Conventional) with 2 stages each = 6 stages total. Remember: moral development goes from punishment-avoidance to universal principles.
Maslow's Hierarchy — P-S-L-E-S (Please Show Love Every Second): Physiological, Safety, Love/Belonging, Esteem, Self-actualization. Bottom to top like a pyramid.
Formative vs Summative — FORmative = FOR learning (continuous, during), OF learning = summative (final evaluation, after completion).
Progressive Education Principles — CHILD mnemonic: Child-centred, Hands-on learning, Individual differences, Learning by doing, Democratic classroom.
Language I and Language II
LSRW Skills Order — Listening-Speaking-Reading-Writing: natural acquisition sequence. Child first listens, then speaks, then reads, then writes. Teaching should follow this developmental order.
Grammar Translation vs Direct Method — GTM = Mother tongue used, DM = No mother tongue (direct target language). Remember: "Direct" = directly in target language only.
Critical Period Hypothesis — Language acquisition easiest before puberty (age 12-13). Remember: teenage years = critical cutoff for native-like fluency.
Bloom's Taxonomy — K-C-A-A-S-E (King Charles Ate Apple Slowly Everywhere): Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, Evaluation. Lower to higher order thinking.
Mathematics (Paper I — Classes I-V)
Divisibility by 3 or 9 — Sum of digits divisible by 3/9 means the number is. Example: 729 → 7+2+9=18, 18÷3=6, so 729 is divisible by 3.
Divisibility by 11 — Alternating sum of digits = 0 or multiple of 11. For 1331: (1+3)-(3+1)=0, divisible. For 121: (1+1)-2=0, divisible.
Place Value Trick — Face value × Position = Place value. In 5432, the 4 has face value 4, position 100, place value 400.
Fractions vs Decimals — Terminating decimals only when denominator has only 2s and 5s as factors. 1/8 = 0.125 (8=2³), 1/6 = recurring (has 3 as factor).
Area vs Perimeter — Area = inside space (square units), Perimeter = boundary length (linear units). Remember: Perimeter is the "rim" you walk around.