Parts of Speech (Shabd Bhed)
Sangya, Sarvanaam, Visheshan, Kriya etc.
---
Overview
Parts of Speech (Shabd Bhed) form the grammatical foundation of Hindi language. In CG TET Paper I and II, this topic appears consistently in the Language I section, with 2-4 questions testing your ability to identify and classify words correctly. Questions typically present sentences asking you to identify the type of noun, pronoun, or verb used.
Mastering this topic is essential because it directly connects to other grammar areas like gender (ling), number (vachan), and sentence structure (vakyarachna). A clear understanding of the eight parts of speech helps you answer comprehension questions more accurately and improves your ability to teach Hindi grammar effectively at the primary level.
The key to scoring well is memorizing the subtypes of each category and practicing identification in context. Most errors occur when students confuse similar-sounding categories or fail to recognize words in their functional role within sentences.
---
Key Concepts
- **Hindi has eight parts of speech (Shabd Bhed)**: Sangya, Sarvanaam, Visheshan, Kriya, Kriya-Visheshan, Sambandh Bodhak, Samuchaya Bodhak, and Vismayadi Bodhak.
- **Sangya (Noun)** names people, places, things, qualities, or actions. It is the subject or object in most sentences.
- **Sarvanaam (Pronoun)** replaces a noun to avoid repetition. It changes form based on person, number, and case.
- **Visheshan (Adjective)** describes or qualifies a noun/pronoun. It always appears before or after the word it modifies.
- **Kriya (Verb)** expresses action or state of being. It is essential for completing a sentence's meaning.
- **Kriya-Visheshan (Adverb)** modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb, telling how, when, where, or how much.
- **Sambandh Bodhak (Postposition)** shows relationship between nouns/pronouns and other words. Hindi uses postpositions (after the noun), not prepositions.
- **Context determines classification** — the same word can function as different parts of speech in different sentences.
---
Formulas / Key Facts
### Sangya (Noun) — 5 Types
| Type | Definition | Examples | |------|-----------|----------| | Vyakti Vachak | Proper noun — specific name | Ram, Ganga, Raipur, Bharat | | Jati Vachak | Common noun — class/category | Ladka, Nadi, Shahar, Desh | | Bhav Vachak | Abstract noun — quality/state/action | Sundarta, Mitrata, Bachpan | | Samuh Vachak | Collective noun — group | Sena, Sabha, Jhund, Kaksha | | Dravya Vachak | Material noun — substance | Sona, Doodh, Loha, Pani |