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NCERT Class 10 Social Science The Rise of Nationalism in Europe: Write in brief Solutions

Point-by-point answers for every question of Exercises: Write in brief in NCERT's Class 10 Social Science book, chapter “The Rise of Nationalism in Europe”, written by Shishya. Each question is in our own short words; open the NCERT chapter for the exact wording and figures.

1. Write in brief Q1(a)

   Write a note on Giuseppe Mazzini.

   1. Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary born in Genoa in 1805 who joined the secret society Carbonari.
   2. He was exiled in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria and later founded Young Italy in Marseilles.
   3. Mazzini established Young Europe in Berne, uniting young men from Poland, France, Italy, and German states.
   4. He believed God intended nations to be natural units and argued Italy must become a single unified republic.
   5. His vision of democratic republics and opposition to monarchy alarmed conservatives like Metternich.

   Answer: Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary who founded secret societies like Young Italy to promote the idea of a unified, democratic Italian republic.

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2. Write in brief Q1(b)

   Write a note on Count Camillo de Cavour.

   1. Count Camillo de Cavour was the Chief Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy.
   2. He was a member of the wealthy and educated Italian elite who spoke French better than Italian.
   3. Cavour was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat in his approach to politics.
   4. He engineered a tactful diplomatic alliance with France to help Sardinia-Piedmont defeat the Austrian forces in 1859.

   Answer: Count Camillo de Cavour was the Chief Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont who led the unification of Italy through diplomatic alliances, notably with France, to defeat Austrian forces.

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3. Write in brief Q1(c)

   Write a note on the Greek war of independence.

   1. Greece was under Ottoman rule since the fifteenth century until the independence struggle began in 1821.
   2. Nationalist feelings were mobilised across Europe, with support from Greeks in exile and Western Europeans who admired ancient Greek culture.
   3. Poets and artists promoted Greece as the cradle of European civilisation to gain public sympathy against the Ottoman Empire.
   4. Lord Byron organised funds and fought in the war, dying of fever in 1824.
   5. The Treaty of Constantinople in 1832 officially recognised Greece as an independent nation.

   Answer: The Greek war of independence, starting in 1821, was a nationalist struggle against Ottoman rule supported by European intellectuals and culminated in independence via the Treaty of Constantinople in 1832.

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4. Write in brief Q1(d)

   Write a note on the Frankfurt parliament.

   1. On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives gathered in the Church of St Paul in Frankfurt to form a National Assembly.
   2. The assembly drafted a constitution for a unified German nation that would be led by a monarchy subject to a parliament.
   3. King Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia rejected the crown offered by the deputies and opposed the elected assembly.
   4. The parliament was dominated by the middle classes, which caused it to lose support from workers and artisans.
   5. Troops were eventually called in, forcing the assembly to disband as its social base eroded.

   Answer: The Frankfurt Parliament was a 1848 assembly that drafted a German constitution but failed when the Prussian King rejected its offer and troops forced it to disband.

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5. Write in brief Q1(e)

   Write a note on the role of women in nationalist struggles.

   1. Women actively participated in nationalist movements by forming political associations, starting newspapers, and joining public meetings.
   2. Activists like Louise Otto-Peters argued that liberty is indivisible and men cannot remain free while women are unfree.
   3. Despite their efforts, women were denied political rights because many believed their natural role was limited to the home and family care.

   Answer: Women played a vital role in nationalist struggles through activism and advocacy, though they faced resistance in achieving equal political rights.

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6. Write in brief Q2

   What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among the French people?

   1. The revolutionaries promoted the concepts of la patrie and le citoyen to highlight a united community with equal rights under a constitution.
   2. A new tricolour flag replaced the royal standard, and the Estates General was renamed the National Assembly.
   3. New national hymns were composed, oaths were taken, and martyrs were commemorated in the name of the nation.
   4. A centralised administrative system was established with uniform laws, and internal customs duties were abolished.
   5. A uniform system of weights and measures was adopted, and regional dialects were discouraged in favour of the language spoken in Paris.

   Answer: The French revolutionaries created collective identity through new symbols, centralised administration, uniform laws, and the promotion of a common language.

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7. Write in brief Q3

   Who were Marianne and Germania, and why did the way they were portrayed matter?

   1. Marianne was the female allegory representing the French Republic, chosen to give the abstract idea of the nation a concrete form.
   2. Germania was the female allegory representing the German nation, depicted wearing a crown of oak leaves to symbolize heroism.
   3. These figures were portrayed with specific attributes like the red cap, tricolour, and cockade for Marianne, and the oak crown for Germania.
   4. The portrayal mattered because it helped persuade the public to identify with the national symbol of unity and reminded them of their shared identity.
   5. Statues and images of these allegories were placed in public squares, on coins, and on stamps to reinforce the concept of a people's nation.

   Answer: Marianne and Germania were female allegories for France and Germany respectively, portrayed with specific symbols to unify the public and represent the nation as a person.

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8. Write in brief Q4

   Briefly trace the process of German unification.

   1. In 1848, middle-class Germans attempted to unite the German confederation into a nation-state with an elected parliament.
   2. This liberal initiative was suppressed by the monarchy, military, and Prussian landowners known as Junkers.
   3. Prussia then took the lead in unification, with Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck using the army and bureaucracy to drive the process.
   4. Three wars over seven years against Austria, Denmark, and France resulted in Prussian victories that completed unification.
   5. On 18 January 1871, King William I was proclaimed German Emperor at Versailles, establishing the new German Empire.

   Answer: German unification was achieved through Prussian leadership under Bismarck, military victories in three wars, and the proclamation of the German Empire in 1871.

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9. Write in brief Q5

   What changes did Napoleon make to run the territories he ruled more efficiently?

   1. Introduced the Civil Code of 1804 to remove birth-based privileges and ensure equality before the law.
   2. Simplified administrative divisions and abolished the feudal system in regions like Italy and Germany.
   3. Freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues while removing guild restrictions in towns.
   4. Improved transport and communication systems to facilitate the movement of goods and capital.

   Answer: Napoleon introduced the Civil Code, simplified administration, abolished feudalism, freed peasants, removed guild restrictions, and improved transport and communication systems.

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