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NCERT Class 10 Social Science The Making of a Global World: Discuss Solutions

Point-by-point answers for every question of Exercises: Discuss in NCERT's Class 10 Social Science book, chapter “The Making of a Global World”, written by Shishya. Each question is in our own short words; open the NCERT chapter for the exact wording and figures.

1. Discuss Q6

   Imagine you are an indentured Indian labourer in the Caribbean. Using the chapter's details, write a letter to your family about your life and feelings.

   1. I left my village in eastern Uttar Pradesh because rising land rents and failed cottage industries left us in deep debt, forcing me to seek work abroad.
   2. Recruitment agents promised better conditions but gave false information about the long sea voyage and the harsh nature of the plantation work in Trinidad.
   3. The physical labor is extremely heavy, and I have bruised my hands so badly that I could not work for a week, leading to my imprisonment for fourteen days.
   4. Wages are deducted if tasks are not completed satisfactorily, meaning I cannot earn full pay and must endure great trouble throughout my indenture period.
   5. I feel a deep sense of loss and alienation as an uneasy minority here, far from home, while my family remains unaware of the true cruelty of this system.

   Answer: Dear family, life here on the plantation is far harder than the agent promised: the work is heavy, pay is cut for every small failure, we can be jailed for falling ill, and I miss home every day; still, we try to keep our customs alive together.

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2. Discuss Q7

   Explain the three types of flows in international economic exchange, and give an example of each that involved India and Indians.

   1. Flow of trade: the exchange of goods, mainly cloth and foods like wheat. Example: India exported raw cotton, wheat and other agricultural goods to Britain and imported British manufactured cloth.
   2. Flow of labour: the movement of people in search of work. Example: Indian indentured labourers went to work on plantations and in mines in the Caribbean islands (Trinidad, Guyana and Surinam), Mauritius and Fiji.
   3. Flow of capital: the movement of money for short-term or long-term investment over long distances. Example: Indian bankers such as the Shikaripuri shroffs and Nattukottai Chettiars financed export agriculture in Central and Southeast Asia, using their own funds or money borrowed from European banks.

   Answer: Trade (India's raw cotton and wheat exports to Britain), labour (indentured Indian workers in the Caribbean, Mauritius and Fiji) and capital (Shikaripuri shroffs and Nattukottai Chettiars financing export farming in Asia).

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3. Discuss Q8

   Explain the causes of the Great Depression.

   1. Agricultural overproduction caused falling prices, leading farmers to increase output which worsened the market glut.
   2. US overseas lenders panicked and withdrew loans, causing bank failures and currency collapses in Europe and Latin America.
   3. The US doubled import duties to protect its economy, which dealt a severe blow to world trade.
   4. US banks slashed domestic lending and called back loans, causing farms, households, and businesses to collapse.
   5. Thousands of US banks went bankrupt and many companies collapsed due to the inability to recover investments.

   Answer: The Great Depression was caused by agricultural overproduction, the withdrawal of US loans, protectionist trade policies, and the collapse of the US banking system.

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4. Discuss Q9

   What are the G-77 countries? How can the G-77 be seen as a reaction to the Bretton Woods twins?

   1. The G-77 refers to a group of developing nations that formed to collectively address their economic interests.
   2. The Bretton Woods institutions, the IMF and World Bank, were originally designed to serve the financial needs of industrial countries.
   3. These institutions were not equipped to handle the challenges of poverty and lack of development in former colonies.
   4. As newly independent countries faced pressure to lift populations out of poverty, they found themselves under the guidance of agencies dominated by former colonial powers.
   5. So developing countries organised themselves as the Group of 77 (G-77) and demanded a new international economic order (NIEO): real control over their natural resources, more development aid, fair prices for the raw materials they sell, and easier entry for their factory goods into rich countries' markets.

   Answer: The G-77 is a group of developing countries that, finding the IMF and World Bank run by and for the industrial countries, demanded a new international economic order giving them control of their resources, fairer prices and better market access.

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