General Science - Biology
Mitosis Phases — PMAT: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase. Chromosomes appear, align at middle, are pulled apart, then two nuclei form.
Blood Groups Universal — O-negative is universal donor (gives to all); AB-positive is universal recipient (receives from all). Remember: O-generous, AB-accepting.
Vitamin Deficiency Diseases — ABCDE: A-Night blindness, B-Beri beri, C-Scurvy, D-Rickets, E-Sterility. Common exam trap question.
Human Teeth Formula — 2123/2123 means 2 Incisors, 1 Canine, 2 Premolars, 3 Molars per quadrant. Total 32 teeth in adults.
Endocrine Glands Memory — HYPOTHALIPAPA: Hypothalamus, Thyroid, Adrenal, Liver, Pancreas, Parathyroid, Pituitary, Pineal. All major hormone secretors covered.
General Science - Chemistry
Reactivity Series — "Please Send Charlie's Monkeys And Zebras In Large Cages Securely Guarded" for K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Pb, H, Cu, Hg, Ag, Au, Pt.
pH Scale Quick Check — pH below 7 is acidic (lemon, vinegar), pH 7 is neutral (water), pH above 7 is basic (soap, bleach). Each step is 10× stronger.
Periodic Table Groups — Group 1: Alkali metals; Group 17: Halogens; Group 18: Noble gases. These three groups most frequently tested in prelims.
Alloy Composition — Brass = Copper + Zinc; Bronze = Copper + Tin; Steel = Iron + Carbon. Remember CuZn, CuSn, FeC for quick recall.
General Science - Physics
VIBGYOR for Spectrum — Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, Red. Increasing wavelength, decreasing frequency order for visible light spectrum.
Ohm's Law Triangle — Cover V to get V=IR, cover I to get I=V/R, cover R to get R=V/I. Draw triangle with V on top.
Fleming's Left-Hand Rule — Thumb-Force, First finger-Field, Center finger-Current. For motor effect direction in electromagnetic problems.
Lens Formula Sign Convention — Distances measured against light direction are negative. Convex lens has positive focal length, concave negative.
Environment & Ecology
Ecological Pyramid Rule — 10% Law: Only 10% energy transfers from one trophic level to next. 90% lost as heat, movement, excretion.
Biodiversity Hotspots in India — WISH: Western Ghats, Indo-Burma, Sundaland, Himalayas. Four hotspots covering Indian subcontinent, frequently asked.
Greenhouse Gases Memory — COMN: Carbon dioxide, Ozone, Methane, Nitrous oxide. Primary gases causing global warming and climate change.
Protected Areas Hierarchy — National Park (strictest, no grazing) > Wildlife Sanctuary (limited human activity) > Biosphere Reserve (largest, multiple zones). Know the restriction levels.