General Hindi (सामान्य हिंदी)
• संधि के तीन प्रकार (SVV) — स्वर (Swar), व्यंजन (Vyanjan), विसर्ग (Visarga) संधि याद रखने के लिए "SVV" का प्रयोग करें। स्वर+स्वर=स्वर संधि, व्यंजन+कोई=व्यंजन संधि, विसर्ग+कोई=विसर्ग संधि।
• कारक चिह्न (को ने से को में पर से) — आठ कारक याद करें: को, ने, से, को, के लिए, का/की/के, में/पर, हे/अरे। कर्ता(ने), कर्म(को), करण(से), संप्रदान(को/के लिए), अपादान(से), संबंध(का/की/के), अधिकरण(में/पर), संबोधन(हे/अरे)।
• तत्सम-तद्भव Quick Check — तत्सम में 'क्ष, त्र, ज्ञ' और संयुक्त अक्षर होते हैं (जैसे क्षेत्र, पत्र, ज्ञान); तद्भव सरल रूप (खेत, पत्ता, ज्ञान→गियान)। संस्कृत-सदृश शब्द तत्सम।
• रस के स्थायी भाव (SHAKA-VBU) — शृंगार(रति), हास्य(हास), करुण(शोक), अद्भुत(विस्मय), वीर(उत्साह), भयानक(भय), रौद्र(क्रोध), बीभत्स(जुगुप्सा), शांत(निर्वेद)। नौ रस के स्थायी भाव।
General Knowledge & Basic Law / Constitution
• Fundamental Rights (6 Articles: 14-32) — Remember "EFFER-CP": Equality (14-18), Freedom (19-22), Exploitation (23-24), Religion (25-28), Culture/Education (29-30), Property (deleted), Constitutional Remedies (32). Originally 7, now 6 FRs.
• All India Services (3-IAS-IPS-IFS) — Only three All India Services: IAS (Administrative), IPS (Police), IFoS (Forest). Controlled by Centre but serve States. Remember "APF" - Administrative, Police, Forest.
• DPSP Classification (GAP-IS) — Gandhian (40, 43, 46, 47, 48), Socialistic (38, 39, 41, 42, 47), International Peace (51). Article 37: DPSPs non-justiciable but fundamental in governance.
• Election Commission Structure — 1 CEC + 2 ECs (maximum 3 members). CEC removal only by impeachment (like Supreme Court judge); ECs removed on CEC's recommendation. Appointed by President.
Numerical & Mental Ability
• Divisibility by 11 (Alternate Sum) — Sum odd-position digits minus sum even-position digits. If result is 0 or divisible by 11, number is divisible by 11. Example: 121→(1+1)−2=0, divisible.
• Percentage-Fraction Quick Convert — 12.5%=1/8, 16.66%=1/6, 20%=1/5, 25%=1/4, 33.33%=1/3, 50%=1/2, 66.66%=2/3. Memorize these for instant calculation in exams.
• Profit & Loss (CP-SP Rule) — If SP > CP: Profit = SP−CP, Profit% = (Profit/CP)×100. If SP < CP: Loss = CP−SP, Loss% = (Loss/CP)×100. Always use CP as base.
• Speed-Distance-Time Triangle — Draw triangle: D on top, S×T at bottom. Cover what you need: D=S×T, S=D/T, T=D/S. Units matter: km/hr to m/s multiply by 5/18.
• Simple vs Compound Interest Difference — For 2 years: CI−SI = P(R/100)². For 3 years: CI−SI = P(R²/100²)(300+R). This shortcut saves calculation time.
• Average Trick (New Member) — New average = Old avg + (New value − Old avg)/(n+1). When one item added/removed, age/weight changes can be calculated using difference method instantly.
• Time & Work (M₁D₁W₁/M₂D₂W₂) — Man-Day-Work formula: (M₁×D₁×H₁)/W₁ = (M₂×D₂×H₂)/W₂. Cross-multiply to find unknowns. Remember: Efficiency inversely proportional to time taken.
• Square Root Digit-Sum Check — Perfect square's digit-sum must be 1,4,7,9 only (never 2,3,5,6,8). Quick elimination method for identifying non-perfect squares in MCQs.
Mental Aptitude & Reasoning
• Direction Sense (NEWS Clock) — Visualize clock: N=12, E=3, S=6, W=9. Right turn = clockwise, Left = anticlockwise. 90° right from N = E, 180° = opposite direction.
• Blood Relation Gender Clues — Father's/Mother's side: Maternal (mother's), Paternal (father's). Sister's son = Nephew, Brother's daughter = Niece. Son's wife = Daughter-in-law, Daughter's husband = Son-in-law.
• Coding-Decoding (Positional Value) — A=1, B=2...Z=26. Reverse: A=26, Z=1. +/− pattern: each letter shifted by fixed number (Caesar cipher). Look for consistent shift pattern first.
• Mirror Image (LOVE Rule) — Laterally inverted: Left↔Right swap. Vertically symmetric letters (A,H,I,M,O,T,U,V,W,X,Y) look same. Asymmetric letters reverse completely. Top-bottom unchanged.
• Dice Opposite Faces (Sum=7 Rule) — Standard dice: opposite faces sum to 7 (1-6, 2-5, 3-4). If two adjacent faces visible, third face can be determined by elimination using this rule.
• Series Completion (Check Difference Pattern) — First find differences between consecutive terms. Then find differences of differences (second-order). Common patterns: +2,+4,+6 or ×2,×3,×4 or squares/cubes sequence.