UP Police Constable · Bite-size lessons

Kaal & Vachya (काल-वाच्य)

About 6 min · General Hindi (सामान्य हिंदी) · English

Time worked out from the lesson's 343 words at 150 words a minute, plus a minute for each question.

Kaal (Tense) and Vachya (Voice) form the backbone of Hindi grammar tested in UP Police Constable exams. Kaal determines when an action occurs—past, present or future—while Vachya clarifies who or what performs the action and how the sentence is structured.

Key ideas

• Kaal (Tense) indicates the time of action and has three main types: Vartman (present), Bhoot (past) and Bhavishya (future). Each has sub-types based on action completion, continuity or habitual nature.
• Vartman Kaal (Present Tense) has three forms: Samanya (simple present — रोहन पढ़ता है), Apurna (present continuous — रोहन पढ़ रहा है) and Sandigdha (doubtful present — रोहन पढ़ता होगा).
• Bhoot Kaal (Past Tense) includes six sub-types: Samanya (simple past — मैंने पढ़ा), Apurna (past continuous — मैं पढ़ रहा था), Purna (past perfect — मैंने पढ़ा था), Sandigdha (doubtful past — मैंने पढ़ा होगा), Aasanna (near past — मैंने पढ़ा है) and Hetuhetumat (past conditional).
• Bhavishya Kaal (Future Tense) has three forms: Samanya (simple future — मैं पढ़ूँगा), Sambhavya (probable future — मैं पढ़ूँ) and Hetuhetumat (conditional future — यदि पढ़ूँ तो...).
• Vachya (Voice) defines sentence structure based on emphasis: Kartri Vachya (active voice) emphasizes the doer, Karm Vachya (passive voice) emphasizes the action or object, and Bhav Vachya (impersonal voice) emphasizes the state or condition.

Quick reference

• Tense Marker: Check auxiliary verb and verb suffix — present (है), past (था), future (गा/गी/गे).
• Kartri Vachya: Subject does action; verb agrees with subject; standard sentence order.
• Karm Vachya: Object is focus; passive construction; doer + द्वारा/के द्वारा; verb agrees with object.
• Bhav Vachya: For intransitive verbs or inability; doer + से; verb always singular masculine third-person.
• Continuous = रहा/रही/रहे + auxiliary. Perfect = verb past form + था/है/होगा.

Check yourself: 3 questions

This lesson is cut from the topic's note, not rewritten. Fact-checked on 18 Oct 2026: an AI-assisted check of this note against cited sources; the errors it found were corrected that day. Some errors may remain. The questions are from Shishya's validated question bank.

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