Child Development and Pedagogy
Piaget's 4 stages — "SCFP" — Sensorimotor (0-2y), Concrete operational (7-11y), Formal operational (11+y), Preoperational (2-7y). Remember: "Smart Children Find Patterns" in that order.
Formative vs Summative — "During vs Done" — Formative = assessment FOR learning (ongoing, during teaching); Summative = assessment OF learning (final exam, after teaching). Formative improves, Summative proves.
Kohlberg's moral stages — "PPP-CCS" — Pre-conventional (Punishment, Personal gain), Conventional (Conformity, law & order), Post-conventional (Social contract, Self-chosen principles). 3 levels × 2 stages each.
Dimensions of development — "PEMS-CLS" — Physical, Emotional, Mental, Social + Cognitive, Language, Spiritual. Cover all 7 in any child development answer for full marks.
Heredity vs Environment — "Nature-Nurture" — Height/eye color = heredity; language/habits = environment. Remember: genes load the gun, environment pulls the trigger (interaction matters most).
Language II — English
Parts of speech — "NAVI CAP" — Noun, Adjective, Verb, Interjection / Conjunction, Adverb, Preposition. All 8 covered for quick revision.
Active to Passive voice — Object-Verb-Subject flip — "Ram eats rice" → "Rice is eaten by Ram." Move object first, add be-verb + V3, "by" + subject. Works for 90% simple sentences.
Reported speech time shifts — Today→that day, Tomorrow→next day, Yesterday→previous day, Now→then, This→that, Here→there. Shift backwards in time when converting direct to indirect.
Tense consistency in conditionals — 1-2-3 rule — Type 1: Simple present + will; Type 2: Simple past + would; Type 3: Past perfect + would have. Never mix these patterns.
LSRW sequence pedagogy — Listening → Speaking → Reading → Writing. Natural acquisition order; teach in this sequence for beginners, especially in multilingual classrooms.
Mathematics
Divisibility by 9 or 3 — Digit-sum test — Add all digits; if sum divisible by 9 (or 3), original number is too. Example: 729 → 7+2+9=18, divisible by 9, so 729÷9 works perfectly.
Fractions comparison without LCM — Cross-multiply — To compare 3/7 vs 5/9: multiply 3×9=27 vs 5×7=35. Since 35>27, therefore 5/9 > 3/7. Faster than finding common denominator.
Area formulas — "Half-base-height family" — Triangle = ½×b×h; Parallelogram = b×h (no half); Trapezium = ½×(sum of parallels)×h; Rhombus = ½×d₁×d₂. Remember the "halves."
Angles in polygon — (n−2)×180° — Interior angle sum of n-sided polygon = (n−2)×180°. Pentagon (5): (5−2)×180=540°. Each angle of regular polygon: divide by n.
BODMAS trap — Division/Multiplication equal priority — Work left-to-right when D and M appear together; same for A and S. Example: 10÷2×5 = (10÷2)×5 = 25, not 10÷10=1.