Child Development and Pedagogy
Piaget's 4 Stages: SPFC — Sensorimotor (0-2 yr), Pre-operational (2-7 yr), Formal operational (11+ yr), Concrete operational (7-11 yr). Remember "Some People Find Confusion" for age sequence.
Freud's Psychosexual Stages: OAPLG — Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital. Mnemonic: "Only Angry People Like Games" for birth to adolescence sequence.
Kohlberg's Moral Levels: PCC — Pre-conventional (punishment-obedience), Conventional (social approval), Conventional becomes Post-conventional (universal ethics). Remember "Pre, Con, Con+".
Erikson's First 4 Stages: TIAS — Trust vs Mistrust (0-1), Initiative vs Guilt (3-6), Autonomy vs Shame (1-3), Skills/Industry vs Inferiority (6-12). Swap I-A for correct order.
Maslow's Hierarchy: PSSEA — Physiological, Safety, Social/Belonging, Esteem, Actualization. Bottom to top: "Please Show Some Extra Affection".
Language I — Marathi
9 Ras Types: SHBKVRAHB — Shringaar, Haasya, Bibhatsa, Karuna, Veer, Raudra, Adbhut, Haasya, Bhayanaka, Shanta. Group as love-laugh-disgust-pity-courage-anger-wonder-fear-peace.
Vachan Rule: Consonant+ā becomes ē — Masculine singular ending in ā (mulga) becomes ē in plural (mulge). Exception: words ending in ī/ū often add nch (muli→mulincha).
Ling Recognition: ā-ending masculine, ī-ending feminine — Most Marathi nouns ending in ā are masculine (ghoda), ī are feminine (ghodi). Body parts often opposite pattern (kaan-masculine, naak-feminine).
Language II — English
FANBOYS Coordinating Conjunctions — For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So. These join independent clauses with comma. Remember "FANBOYS make compound sentences".
Comparison: ER-EST vs MORE-MOST — One-syllable: add -er/-est (tall→taller). Two+ syllables: use more/most (beautiful→more beautiful). Exception: two-syllable ending in -y (happy→happier).
Tense Signal Words: Always→Present, Yesterday→Past, Tomorrow→Future — Present: always, daily, usually. Past: yesterday, last, ago. Future: tomorrow, next, will. Perfect: already, just, yet, since, for.
Reported Speech: BBWT Rule — Backshift tense, Backshift time (today→that day), Word order stays statement form in questions, That introduces statement (say→say that).
Mathematics
Divisibility by 11: Alternate Sum — Add digits in odd positions, subtract even-position sum. If result 0 or multiple of 11, divisible. Example: 121→(1+1)–2=0, divisible.
LCM×HCF = Product of Numbers — For two numbers A and B: LCM×HCF=A×B. Quick check or find missing value. Example: Find LCM when HCF=5, numbers 20,25: LCM=(20×25)/5=100.
Prime Check under 100: Test 2,3,5,7 only — To verify prime below 100, test divisibility by 2,3,5,7. If none divide, it's prime (no need to test 11+ since 11²=121>100).
Fraction to Decimal Speed: Denominator Powers — Denominators 2,4,5,8,10,20,25,50 give terminating decimals. Others (3,6,7,9,11...) give recurring. 1/8=0.125, 1/7=0.142857...
Area-Perimeter Shortcuts: Rectangle Double Formula — Perimeter=2(l+b), Area=l×b. Square: P=4s, A=s². Triangle: A=½×base×height. Remember "Perimeter adds, Area multiplies".
Environmental Studies
Body Systems: DRENC — Digestive, Respiratory, Excretory, Nervous, Circulatory. Five major systems for Class 5 EVS. Add Skeletal-Muscular-Reproductive for higher classes.
Indian States Memory: 28+8 Formula — 28 states, 8 Union Territories (post-2019 J&K reorganization). Remember Bihar-Jharkhand split (2000), Telangana newest state (2014).
Food Groups: GOFAP — Grains, Oils/Fats, Fruits, Animal products, Pulses/Vegetables. Balanced diet needs all five daily for nutrition.
Mathematics and Science (Paper II)
Algebra Identity: (a+b)²= a²+2ab+b² — Expand middle term as 2ab, not ab. Common error: forgetting the '2'. Similarly (a-b)²=a²-2ab+b², (a+b)(a-b)=a²-b².
Electricity Formula Triangle: VIR — V=I×R, I=V/R, R=V/I. Cover unknown, read remaining. V(volts) top, I(current) and R(resistance) bottom. Ohm's Law triangle.
pH Scale: 0-7 Acid, 7 Neutral, 7-14 Base — Less than 7=acidic (lemon pH 2), exactly 7=neutral (water), greater than 7=basic (soap pH 10). Remember "Acid Low, Base High".
Periodic Table Groups: IA-Alkali, VIIA-Halogens, VIIIA-Noble — Group 1 (Na,K) very reactive metals. Group 17 (F,Cl) reactive non-metals. Group 18 (He,Ne) inert gases, stable.
Speed-Distance-Time Triangle: DST — D=S×T, S=D/T, T=D/S. Cover unknown variable, read formula. Distance at top, Speed and Time at bottom corners.
Social Studies (Paper II)
Fundamental Rights: 6 FREEPS — Freedom, Religion, Equality, Exploitation (against), Property (removed 44th Amendment), School (6-14 age). Now 6 rights, Article 12-35.
Directive Principles: SEWAGE — Social welfare, Economic policies, Welfare of workers, Agriculture-industries, Gram panchayat, Environment. Non-justiciable, Article 36-51.
Indian President: 5-Year Term, Electoral College — Elected by MPs and MLAs, not direct vote. Can be re-elected unlimited times (unlike US). Nominal head, PM holds real power.
Three-Tier Panchayati Raj: VBZ — Village (Gram Panchayat), Block (Panchayat Samiti), Zilla (Zilla Parishad). 73rd Amendment 1