Parts of Speech (Sangya, Sarvanaam, Visheshan, Kriya etc.)
Overview
Parts of Speech form the grammatical backbone of any language. For JTET Language I, understanding how words function in sentences is essential—both for answering grammar-based MCQs and for teaching young learners. This topic appears consistently in the exam, typically carrying 3–5 marks directly, with additional indirect weightage in comprehension passages where grammatical understanding aids correct interpretation.
Mastery of parts of speech enables teachers to explain sentence construction clearly to primary students. The exam tests your ability to identify word categories, understand their functions, and apply this knowledge to correct or analyse sentences. For Hindi, focus on the eight traditional categories (Sangya, Sarvanaam, Visheshan, Kriya, Kriya-Visheshan, Sambandhbodhak, Samuchchaybodhak, Vismayaadibodhak). For English, the standard eight parts apply: Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Verb, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, Interjection.
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Key Concepts
- **Sangya (Noun)**: Words that name persons, places, things, or ideas. Five types in Hindi—Vyakti-vachak (proper), Jaati-vachak (common), Bhav-vachak (abstract), Samuh-vachak (collective), Dravya-vachak (material).
- **Sarvanaam (Pronoun)**: Words used in place of nouns to avoid repetition. Six types—Purush-vachak (personal), Nishchay-vachak (demonstrative), Anishchay-vachak (indefinite), Prashn-vachak (interrogative), Sambandh-vachak (relative), Nij-vachak (reflexive).
- **Visheshan (Adjective)**: Words that describe or modify nouns. Four types—Gun-vachak (quality), Sankhya-vachak (numeral), Parimaan-vachak (quantity), Sarvanamik/Sarvanaamic (pronominal).
- **Kriya (Verb)**: Words that express action or state of being. Classified by structure (Sakarmak—transitive, Akarmak—intransitive) and by form (Samanya, Sanyukt, Prarena-arthak etc.).
- **Kriya-Visheshan (Adverb)**: Words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Types include Kaal-vachak (time), Sthan-vachak (place), Pariman-vachak (degree), Riti-vachak (manner).
- **Sambandhbodhak (Preposition)**: Words showing relationship between a noun/pronoun and other words. Examples: के ऊपर, के नीचे, की ओर।
- **Samuchchaybodhak (Conjunction)**: Words that join words, phrases, or clauses. Two types—Samanadhikaran (coordinating: और, या, परन्तु) and Vyadhikaran (subordinating: क्योंकि, जब, यदि).
- **Vismayaadibodhak (Interjection)**: Words expressing sudden emotion. Examples: अरे!, वाह!, हाय!, अफसोस!
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