Parts of Speech (शब्द भेद) forms the grammatical backbone of Hindi language comprehension in HP TET. This topic tests your ability to identify and classify words based on their function in sentences—a skill essential for both comprehension passages and grammar-specific questions.
In the HP TET Language I paper, expect 3–5 questions directly testing word classification, plus indirect application in passage-based questions. Mastery here also strengthens your performance in related areas like Ling, Vachan, Kaal and sentence construction.
The eight major parts of speech in Hindi mirror their English counterparts but follow Sanskrit-derived classification. Understanding their subtypes and usage patterns is crucial—examiners frequently test edge cases and word-form changes across categories.
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Key Concepts
**Sangya (संज्ञा / Noun)**: Names of persons, places, things, qualities, or actions. The foundation of sentence construction—every sentence needs at least one.
**Sarvanaam (सर्वनाम / Pronoun)**: Words used in place of nouns to avoid repetition. "वह", "यह", "कौन" replace specific nouns while maintaining reference.
**Visheshan (विशेषण / Adjective)**: Words that describe or qualify nouns/pronouns. Always ask: "Which noun is being described?"
**Kriya (क्रिया / Verb)**: Action words or state-of-being words. The engine of the sentence—tells what the subject does or is.
**Kriya-Visheshan (क्रिया विशेषण / Adverb)**: Modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Answers how, when, where, or to what extent.
**Sambandh Bodhak (संबंधबोधक / Postposition)**: Shows relationship between nouns—equivalent to English prepositions but placed after the noun.
**Samuchchay Bodhak (समुच्चयबोधक / Conjunction)**: Joins words, phrases, or clauses. "और", "परंतु", "क्योंकि" are common examples.
### Example 1: Identify Parts of Speech **Sentence**: "सुंदर लड़की वहाँ धीरे-धीरे गाती है।"
| Word | Part of Speech | Reasoning | |------|----------------|-----------| | सुंदर | विशेषण (गुणवाचक) | Describes "लड़की" | | लड़की | संज्ञा (जातिवाचक) | Common noun—class | | वहाँ | क्रिया विशेषण (स्थानवाचक) | Tells where | | धीरे-धीरे | क्रिया विशेषण (रीतिवाचक) | Tells how | | गाती है | क्रिया (अकर्मक) | Action, no object |
### Example 2: Classify the Noun **Question**: "ईमानदारी" किस प्रकार की संज्ञा है?
**Solution**:
"ईमानदारी" = honesty (a quality/virtue)
It cannot be seen or touched—it's an abstract concept
**Answer**: भाववाचक संज्ञा (Abstract Noun)
**Tip**: Words ending in "-ता", "-पन", "-ई", "-त्व" are usually भाववाचक।
### Example 3: Pronoun Type **Question**: "जो करेगा सो भरेगा" में रेखांकित शब्द कौन सा सर्वनाम है?
**Solution**:
"जो...सो" work as a pair connecting two clauses
They relate one clause to another
**Answer**: संबंधवाचक सर्वनाम (Relative Pronoun)
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Common Mistakes
❌ **Confusing भाववाचक with गुणवाचक विशेषण** → "सुंदरता" (noun—beauty itself) vs "सुंदर" (adjective—describes something). Check: Can it stand alone as subject? If yes, it's संज्ञा।
❌ **Marking "यह/वह" always as सर्वनाम** → "यह किताब अच्छी है" — here "यह" is सार्वनामिक विशेषण (modifies किताब), not सर्वनाम. If it replaces a noun completely, it's सर्वनाम; if it accompanies a noun, it's विशेषण।
❌ **Forgetting that the same word can be different parts of speech** → "वह तेज दौड़ता है" (तेज = क्रिया विशेषण) vs "तेज लड़का" (तेज = विशेषण). Context determines classification.
❌ **Confusing Sambandh Bodhak with Karak markers** → "के ऊपर", "के नीचे", "के साथ" are संबंधबोधक (postpositions), while simple "का/की/के", "को", "से" are कारक चिह्न. Sambandh Bodhak shows spatial/logical relationship.
❌ **Misidentifying सकर्मक and अकर्मक क्रिया** → Ask: "क्या किया?" If the answer needs an object (राम ने क्या खाया? → सेब), it's सकर्मक. If complete without object (बच्चा क्या करता है? → सोता है), it's अकर्मक।
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Quick Reference
**8 शब्द भेद**: संज्ञा, सर्वनाम, विशेषण, क्रिया, क्रिया विशेषण, संबंधबोधक, समुच्चयबोधक, विस्मयादिबोधक