Parts of Speech (शब्द भेद)
Sangya, Sarvanaam, Visheshan, Kriya etc.
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Overview
Parts of Speech (शब्द भेद) forms the grammatical backbone of Hindi language comprehension in HP TET. This topic tests your ability to identify and classify words based on their function in sentences—a skill essential for both comprehension passages and grammar-specific questions.
In the HP TET Language I paper, expect 3–5 questions directly testing word classification, plus indirect application in passage-based questions. Mastery here also strengthens your performance in related areas like Ling, Vachan, Kaal and sentence construction.
The eight major parts of speech in Hindi mirror their English counterparts but follow Sanskrit-derived classification. Understanding their subtypes and usage patterns is crucial—examiners frequently test edge cases and word-form changes across categories.
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Key Concepts
- **Sangya (संज्ञा / Noun)**: Names of persons, places, things, qualities, or actions. The foundation of sentence construction—every sentence needs at least one.
- **Sarvanaam (सर्वनाम / Pronoun)**: Words used in place of nouns to avoid repetition. "वह", "यह", "कौन" replace specific nouns while maintaining reference.
- **Visheshan (विशेषण / Adjective)**: Words that describe or qualify nouns/pronouns. Always ask: "Which noun is being described?"
- **Kriya (क्रिया / Verb)**: Action words or state-of-being words. The engine of the sentence—tells what the subject does or is.
- **Kriya-Visheshan (क्रिया विशेषण / Adverb)**: Modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Answers how, when, where, or to what extent.
- **Sambandh Bodhak (संबंधबोधक / Postposition)**: Shows relationship between nouns—equivalent to English prepositions but placed after the noun.
- **Samuchchay Bodhak (समुच्चयबोधक / Conjunction)**: Joins words, phrases, or clauses. "और", "परंतु", "क्योंकि" are common examples.
- **Vismayadi Bodhak (विस्मयादिबोधक / Interjection)**: Expresses sudden emotions—"अरे!", "वाह!", "हाय!"
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Formulas / Key Facts
### Sangya (Noun) — 5 Types | Type | Definition | Example | |------|------------|---------| | Vyakti Vachak (व्यक्तिवाचक) | Proper noun—specific person/place | राम, हिमाचल, गंगा | | Jati Vachak (जातिवाचक) | Common noun—class of things | लड़का, नदी, पहाड़ | | Bhav Vachak (भाववाचक) | Abstract noun—feelings/states | सुंदरता, बचपन, क्रोध | | Samuh Vachak (समूहवाचक) | Collective noun—groups | सेना, झुंड, सभा | | Dravya Vachak (द्रव्यवाचक) | Material noun—substances | सोना, पानी, लकड़ी |