General Knowledge (National & International)
VIBGYOR for Rainbow — Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, Red—remember spectrum order; also helps recall visible light wavelengths from shortest (380nm) to longest (750nm) for science questions.
UN Organs: GASTEC — General Assembly, Administrative Tribunal, Secretariat, Trusteeship Council, Economic & Social Council, Court (ICJ)—six principal organs of United Nations quick recall.
Mahatma Gandhi's 3 Monkeys — See no evil (cover eyes), Hear no evil (cover ears), Speak no evil (cover mouth)—represents Gandhian principle of non-participation in evil deeds.
Indian Nobel Laureates: TRAK-RS — Tagore (Literature-1913), Raman (Physics-1930), Amartya Sen (Economics-1998), Kailash Satyarthi (Peace-2014), Ramakrishnan (Chemistry-2009), Subramaniam Chandrasekhar (Physics-1983).
Himachal Pradesh General Knowledge
HP Border States: PUJH — Punjab, Uttarakhand, Jammu & Kashmir (now UT), Haryana—four states touching HP boundaries (plus Tibet internationally).
HP Formation: 5 States Before Statehood — 1948 (Chief Commissioner's Province), 1950 (Part C State), 1956 (Union Territory), 1966 (after Punjab reorganization got current area), 1971 (became 18th state on January 25).
Major HP Rivers: BRSC — Beas, Ravi, Sutlej, Chenab—four major rivers flowing through Himachal Pradesh, all tributaries of Indus system.
HP Districts by Altitude Memory — Lahaul-Spiti (highest, coldest), Kinnaur, Shimla, Kullu, Mandi, Kangra (largest area & population), Hamirpur, Bilaspur, Solan, Sirmaur, Una, Chamba—12 districts total.
Hindi and English Language
FANBOYS Conjunctions — For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So—coordinating conjunctions connecting independent clauses in English grammar; memorize for error spotting.
Sandhi Types: SVVY — Swar Sandhi (vowel), Vyanjan Sandhi (consonant), Visarga Sandhi (visarga :), three main types in Hindi sandhi rules.
Active-Passive Voice Trick — Subject-Verb swap: "Ram eats rice" becomes "Rice is eaten by Ram"—object becomes subject, add 'by' before original subject, verb takes helping verb form.
Common Muhavare Pattern — "Aankhon mein dhool jhonkna" (deceive), "Haath dhona" (wash hands off)—body-part idioms often mean metaphorical actions, not literal.
Reasoning and Numerical Ability
Divisibility by 11 — Alternating digit sum: if (sum of odd-position digits) minus (sum of even-position digits) equals 0 or multiple of 11, number is divisible by 11. Example: 121→(1+1)−2=0.
Blood Relations Quick Code — Mother's/Father's side: maternal/paternal; siblings' children: niece/nephew; your children to siblings: niece/nephew; parents' siblings: aunt/uncle; diagonal generation skips add "grand" or "great".
Clock Angle Formula — |30H − 6M + M/2| gives angle between hour and minute hands at H hours M minutes; use for quick calculation instead of drawing.
Direction Sense: NESW Clockwise — North→East→South→West rotates clockwise (90° each); Left turn = anticlockwise, Right turn = clockwise; starting point matters.
Profit % Quick Formula — If Cost Price = CP, Selling Price = SP, then Profit% = [(SP−CP)/CP]×100; if two successive discounts d1%, d2%, net = d1+d2−(d1×d2/100).
Time-Distance: Relative Speed — Same direction: subtract speeds; Opposite direction: add speeds; Meeting problems use combined speed; overtaking uses speed difference.
Work Formula: M₁D₁H₁/W₁ = M₂D₂H₂/W₂ — Men, Days, Hours per day, Work done—keep units consistent; if men double, days halve for same work (inverse proportion).
Average Addition/Removal — When new number added, average change = (new number − old average)/(new count); when one number increases by x, average increases by x/n where n=total numbers.
Compound Interest Shortcut — For 2 years: CI−SI = (P×R²)/10000; for 3 years at 10%: amount becomes 1.331P; successive percentage changes: a+b+(ab/100).
Computer Knowledge
OSI Model: Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away — Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, Application—seven layers bottom to top for networking basics.
Primary Memory Types: RAM-ROM — RAM (Random Access Memory) volatile, loses data on power-off; ROM (Read Only Memory) non-volatile, retains data; RAM faster than ROM.
MS Office Suite: WEPA — Word (documents), Excel (spreadsheets), PowerPoint (presentations), Access (database)—four main Microsoft Office applications tested frequently.
TCP/IP Port Numbers — HTTP:80, HTTPS:443, FTP:21, SMTP:25, POP3:110, DNS:53—memorize common port numbers for networking questions; HTTP Secure = 443.
Database Keys: PCFU — Primary Key (unique identifier), Candidate Key (potential primary), Foreign Key (references another table), Unique Key (no duplicates allowed)—key types in DBMS.