| Concept | Key Fact | |---------|----------| | IQ Formula | IQ = (Mental Age ÷ Chronological Age) × 100 | | Average IQ | 100 (by definition of the scale) | | Spearman's 'g' | General factor underlying all intellectual tasks | | Thurstone's PMAs | 7 abilities: V, W, N, S, M, P, R | | Gardner's Intelligences | 8 types (linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic) | | Guilford's SOI Model | 150 factors from Structure of Intellect (operations × content × products) | | First IQ Test | Binet-Simon Scale (1905, France) — to identify children needing special education | | Torrance Tests | Measure creativity through fluency, flexibility, originality, elaboration | | Characteristics of Creativity | Fluency, flexibility, originality, elaboration, curiosity, risk-taking |
Step 1: The scenario shows strength in physical/movement abilities but weakness in logical reasoning. Step 2: This aligns with Gardner's Multiple Intelligences — Ramesh has high bodily-kinesthetic intelligence but lower logical-mathematical intelligence. **Answer: Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences**
Step 1: The question has no single correct answer — it invites multiple, varied responses. Step 2: Generating many different uses requires divergent thinking. **Answer: Divergent thinking / Creativity**
| Wrong Thinking | Correct Understanding | |----------------|----------------------| | "High IQ means the child is creative" | Intelligence and creativity are related but distinct. A child with high IQ may lack originality; a moderately intelligent child can be highly creative. | | "Spearman proposed multiple intelligences" | Spearman proposed the Two-Factor Theory (g + s). Gardner proposed Multiple Intelligences. Don't confuse the two. | | "IQ tests measure all aspects of intelligence" | Traditional IQ tests mainly measure linguistic and logical-mathematical abilities. They miss musical, interpersonal, bodily-kinesthetic, and other intelligences. | | "Creativity cannot be taught" | Creativity can be fostered through open-ended questions, brainstorming, freedom to experiment, and a non-judgmental classroom climate. | | "Mental age and chronological age are the same" | Mental age reflects cognitive development level; chronological age is actual age. A 10-year-old solving problems typical of 12-year-olds has MA = 12. |