Hindi Vyakaran (हिंदी व्याकरण)
Overview
Hindi Vyakaran forms a critical scoring section in HTET across all three levels. Grammar questions appear both as standalone items and embedded within Gadyansh/Padyansh comprehension passages. For PRT (Level 1), expect 8-12 direct grammar questions; for TGT and PGT levels, questions become more nuanced with focus on application.
Mastery of Hindi grammar is non-negotiable because these questions have definite correct answers—unlike subjective comprehension. Students who memorise rules systematically can secure full marks in this section. The syllabus covers Varnamala, Sandhi, Shabd Bhed (parts of speech), Kaal-Vachan-Ling, Muhavare-Lokoktiyan, and Paryayvachi-Vilom Shabd.
Focus your preparation on recognition and application. HTET rarely asks theoretical definitions; instead, it tests whether you can identify the correct sandhi, pick the right synonym, or spot the gender error in a sentence.
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Key Concepts
- **Varnamala (वर्णमाला)**: Hindi alphabet has 52 letters—13 swar (vowels) including अं, अः and 39 vyanjan (consonants) including संयुक्त व्यंजन (क्ष, त्र, ज्ञ, श्र).
- **Sandhi (संधि)**: The merging of two varnas following specific rules. Three main types—Swar Sandhi, Vyanjan Sandhi, Visarg Sandhi. Swar Sandhi has five subtypes (Deergh, Gun, Vriddhi, Yan, Ayadi).
- **Shabd Bhed (शब्द भेद)**: Eight parts of speech—Sangya (noun), Sarvanam (pronoun), Visheshan (adjective), Kriya (verb), Kriya-visheshan (adverb), Sambandh-bodhak (postposition), Samuchchay-bodhak (conjunction), Vismayadi-bodhak (interjection).
- **Sangya ke Bhed**: Vyakti-vachak (proper), Jati-vachak (common), Bhav-vachak (abstract), Samuh-vachak (collective), Dravya-vachak (material).
- **Kaal (काल)**: Three tenses—Bhootkaal (past), Vartamankaal (present), Bhavishyatkaal (future). Each has subtypes like Samanya, Apurna, Purna, Sambhavya.
- **Vachan (वचन)**: Ekvachan (singular) and Bahuvachan (plural). Conversion rules differ for masculine/feminine nouns ending in different matras.
- **Ling (लिंग)**: Pulling (masculine) and Striling (feminine). Hindi has no neuter gender in standard grammar.
- **Muhavare vs Lokoktiyan**: Muhavare (idioms) are incomplete sentences used within larger sentences; Lokoktiyan (proverbs) are complete sentences expressing universal truths.
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Formulas / Key Facts
**Sandhi Rules (Must Remember)**
| Sandhi Type | Rule | Example | |-------------|------|---------| | Deergh | समान स्वर + समान स्वर = दीर्घ स्वर | विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय | | Gun | अ/आ + इ/ई = ए; अ/आ + उ/ऊ = ओ | देव + इंद्र = देवेंद्र | | Vriddhi | अ/आ + ए/ऐ = ऐ; अ/आ + ओ/औ = औ | एक + एक = एकैक | | Yan | इ/ई + असमान स्वर = य् | अति + अधिक = अत्यधिक | | Ayadi | ए/ऐ/ओ/औ + असमान स्वर = अय्/आय्/अव्/आव् | ने + अन = नयन |